Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military. Imperial Bureaucracy A vast organization in which appointed officials carried out the empire's politics. Under the Song, China's bureaucracy expanded. Filial Piety Was an Confucian idea. It was the duty of family members to subordinate their desires to those of the male head of the family and to the ruler. The emphasis on respect for one's elders helped the Song maintain their rule in China. Neo-Confucianism Evolved in China between 770 and 840. It was a syncretic system, combining rational thought with the more abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism. Emphasized ethics rather than the mysteries of Gad and nature. It became immensely popular in the areas surrounding China (including Japan, Korea, and Vietnam). Theravada Buddhism Focuses on personal spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline. It became the strongest in Southeast Asia. Mahayana Buddhism Focuses on spiritual growth for all beings and on service. It became the strongest in China and Korea. Tibetan Buddhism Focuses on chanting. It became strongest in Tibet. Champa Rice A drought-resistant and fast growing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.) Grand Canal Built in 468 B.C. Was an island waterway in China that connects the Yellow river and the Yangtze river. Regulates water. Allowed China to become the most populous trading area in the world. Seljuk Empire Muslims. Starting in the 11th century, they began conquering parts of the Middle East, eventually extending their power almost as Far east as Western China. Leader called himself sultan Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt (1250-1517) They prospered by facilitation trade in cotton and sugar between the Islamic world and Europe. When the Portuguese and other Europeans developed new sea routes for trade, the Mamluks declines in power. Delhi Sultanates Reigned for 300 years, from the 13th through the 16th centuries. The interaction of Islam and Hinduism dominated the political history of the era. Delhi Sultanate imposed a tax, called jizya, in non-Muslim subjects. Never had an efficient bureaucracy. In 1526, the sultans lost power to the Mughals. Islam Originated in the 7th century in Mecca. Islam beliefs in Allah. Muslims don't approve of the visual representation of Allah. Abbasid Caliphate Was lead by Arabs and Persians, but the later Islamic states were shaped by Turkish peoples who descended from people in Central Asia. These Islamic states continued to form a cultural region. Sufism Emphasized introspection to grasp truths that they believed could not be understood through learning. May have begun as a mystical response to the perceived love of luxury by the early Umayyad Caliphate. Sufi missionaries tended to adapt local cultures and traditions in Islam, for easier transition. Nasir al-Din al-Tsui (1201-1274) was once one of the most celebrated Islamic scholars. He contributed to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, and medicine. An observatory was built. 'A'ishah al-Ba' uniyyah (1460-1507) may be the most prolific female Muslim writer before the 20th century. Her best known work, a long poem honoring Muhammad called "Clear Inspiration, on Praise of the Trusted One". Her poetry reflects a contrast between most Muslims and Sufis. House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad Many good ideas flowed through Baghdad. However, trade patterns slowly shifted to routes farther north. As Baghdad lost its traditional place as the center of trade, it lost wealth and population. Dar al-Islam an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule Bhakti Movement Began in 12th century, some Hindus started focusing on a strong attachment to a particular deity. Started in southern India, appealed to many because it didn't discriminate against women or people of low social status. Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646) got its name from "the victorious city", began with the arrival of two brothers-who later converted from Hinduism to Islam for upward mobility. A group of Muslims overthrew it. Srivijaya Empire (670-1025) Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra. It built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between India and China. Rajput Empire Hindu kingdoms led by leaders of clans, who were often at war. No centralized government. Lack of centralized government left the kingdoms vulnerable to Muslim attacks. Khmer Empire Also known as the Angkor Kingdom (802-1431) was situated by the Mekong river. The kingdom's complex irrigation and drainage systems led to economic prosperity. Became one of the most prosperous kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Harvested rice several times a year. Capital was at Angkor Thom. At some point they became Buddhist. Majapahit Kingdom (1293-1520) based on Java had 98 tributaries at its height. Majapahit sustained its power by controlling sea routes. Were Buddhists Sukhothai Kimgdom In 1431 the Thais of this kingdom in aided the area of the Angkor kingdom, forces the Khmers out. The ruins of the magnificent structures in Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat still stand. Sinhala Dynasties Buddhists arrived in 3rd century B.C.E. and the island became a center of Buddhist study. Monasteries and nunneries flourished. One of the kingdoms oversaw the construction of a network of reservoirs and canals to create an excellent irrigation system, which contributed to economic growth. Maya (400-1517) located in Mexico/Central America, were polytheistic with some human sacrifice, organized city-states with kings. Built enormous mounds, largest called Cahokia. Mexica/Aztec (1200-1521) located in Central Mexico, polytheistic with some human sacrifice, had a powerful king, made step pyramids. Aztec's government was a theocracy. Inca (1200-1533) located in Andes in South America, polytheistic with some human sacrifice, had a powerful king. Was an empire. Temple of the Sun. Chaco Nesa Verde Cahokia The largest of the mounds built by the Mayans. Is the size of 12 football fields. Great Zimbabwe By the end of the 13th century, a massive wall of stone, surrounded the the capital city, which became known as the Great Zimbabwe. First large wall on the continent built without mortar. Overgrazing damaged the environment so much that the city was deserted by the end of the 1400s. Ethiopia In Ethiopia the kingdom of Axum developed. It prospered by trading goods obtained from India, Arabia, and the Roman Empire, and the interior of Africa. In the 7th century the spread of Islam divided the region religiously. From the 12th through the 16th centuries, Ethiopia was a island of Christianity on the continent of Africa. Hausa Kingdoms Sometime in 1000 people of the Hausa ethnic group formed seven states. Loosely connected through kinship ties, had no central authority. People established prosperous city-states, each with a specialty. Thrived from trans-Saharan trade (a network of trading routes across the desert). Feudalism the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. Manorialism also called manorial system, seignorialism, or seignorial system, political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord. Serfdom