AMSCO 6.3

Túpac Amaru II's Outcry (c. 1780)
- Quote: "There have been repeated outcries directed to me by the indigenous peoples of this and surrounding provinces, outcries against the abuses committed by European-born crown officials… Justified outcries that have produced no remedy from the royal courts."
- Refers to the systemic abuses faced by indigenous populations under colonial rule.

How and why did internal and external factors influence state building between 1750 and 1900?
- European imperialism prompted nationalist movements in South America, Africa, and Asia.
- Leaders of movements (e.g., Túpac Amaru II) often had European-style educations and were informed by Enlightenment ideals such as natural rights, sovereignty, and nationalism.
- Colonial elites utilized imperial education to ultimately drive out colonizers in the 20th century, giving rise to new states.

The Ottoman Empire lost control of its territories in Europe, particularly in the Balkans by early 19th century.
Inspired by the French Revolution, ethnic nationalism emerged, raising desires for independence amidst growing ethnic tensions.
Key Independent Movements:
- Serbia (1815) - Successfully gained independence after prolonged warfare.
- Greece (1832) - Achieved independence with significant conflict.
- Multiple territories (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Bulgaria) rebelled against Ottoman rule.
Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
- Serbia and Russia aided Balkan territories, leading to the Treaty of Berlin, which recognized Bulgaria, Romania, and Montenegro as independent, while Bosnia and Herzegovina were controlled by Austria-Hungary.

Proclamation of 1763
- Issued by the British, it reserved land between the Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River for Native Americans, a recognition of their territorial rights. However, backlash from colonists led to Native American displacement.

Post-1800 assimilation into white settler culture included adopting farming and weaving practices.
Created a syllabic alphabet; the Cherokee Phoenix became the first Native American newspaper in the U.S.
Drafted a constitution modeled after the U.S. Constitution.
After the discovery of gold in 1829, the Indian Removal Act of 1830 led to forced relocations, known as the Trail of Tears.

Emerged among the Northern Paiute Indians around 1869, based on prophecy of revival where the dead return to reclaim land.
Involved rituals of dance and song, advocating unity to overdue white settlers.
Influenced the Sioux by 1890; however, it culminated tragically at the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, signaling the end of the Indian Wars.

José Gabriel Condorcanqui, a cacique in Peru, became a resistance leader against Spanish rule. He identified with his Inca heritage despite a Jesuit education.
Arrested and executed a cruel colonial administrator in 1780, sparking a widespread revolt until his capture and execution in 1781.

In 1863, conservatives partnered with Napoleon III to overthrow the government of Benito Juárez.
Archduke Maximilian was appointed as emperor, crowned on June 10, 1864.
Following resistance, the French left Mexico, and Maximilian was executed on June 19, 1867.

By the mid-19th century, the majority of the British armed forces in India consisted of sepoys (Indian soldiers).
Indian Rebellion of 1857 (Sepoy Mutiny) - Caused by the introduction of troublesome rifle cartridges, it sparked widespread uprising, marking the start of Indian nationalism.
- The rebellion was quelled violently, resulting in thousands of deaths and leading to the establishment of the British Raj, overseeing India until its independence in 1947.
- Establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885, which shifted from addressing grievances to advocating for self-rule.

By the late 19th century, Siam (Thailand) was the only independent nation in Southeast Asia, while others were under European control.

Resistance began early in French colonialism, intensifying when Ham Nghi became emperor in 1884. He resisted until captured and exiled in 1888.

The Philippines, under Spanish rule since the 16th century, saw significant reform and nationalism due to educated elites, notably José Rizal.
- His arrest and execution spurred nationalist movements leading to the Philippine Revolution and subsequent Spanish-American War in 1898.
- Control of the Philippines transferred to the U.S. under the Treaty of Paris, leading to the Philippine-American War.

Aboriginal culture, one of the oldest on Earth, faced severe persecution beginning in 1788 with British colonization, where indigenous land rights were ignored, leading to mass deaths.

The Maori, having arrived from Polynesia, were promised protection by the Treaty of Waitangi but faced land pressures leading to conflicts known as Maori Wars, culminating in significant territorial losses by 1900.

African organized resistance started later compared to Indian resistance, partly due to differing governance structures.

Established by Usman dan Fodio in the early 19th century. It became a significant empire resisting British colonial expansion until 1903 when it was incorporated into Nigeria.

Wars between British and Xhosa populations (1811-1858) culminated in the Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement, leading to famine.
The Anglo-Zulu War saw initial Zulu victories but ultimately resulted in British conquest and annexation of their lands.

Fought against French annexation in West Africa. Captured in 1898, his kingdom was ultimately subdued after fierce resistance.

A religious uprising led by Muhammad Ahmad, challenging both Egyptian and British rule until internal discord led to its collapse after the death of Ahmad in 1885.

Occurred in 1900 when the British governor demanded the Golden Stool from the Asante Empire. Led by warrior queen Yaa Asantewaa, it represented the last major war led by African women.

Rebel Leaders: Túpac Amaru II, José Rizal, Usman dan Fodio, Samory Touré, Muhammad Ahmad, Yaa Asantewaa.
States: Balkan Peninsula, Vietnam, Philippines.
Wars and Rebellions: Ghost Dance, Indian Rebellion of 1857, Philippine Revolution, Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, Maori Wars, Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement, Anglo-Zulu War.
Treaties: Sokoto Caliphate, Treaty of Paris, Sudan, Asante Empire, Treaty of Waitangi.
Relations with Indigenous Peoples: Proclamation of 1763, Indian Removal Act.
Organizations: Indian National Congress.