Newton's Laws of Motion

Kinematics: The study of how objects move.
- Covered in Chapters 2-3.
- Described by kinematic equations for constant acceleration.
Dynamics: The study of why objects move.
- Introduced in Chapters 4-5.
- Described by Newton's three laws of motion.
- Forces are the fundamental cause of acceleration.

In everyday language: A push or a pull.
Key forces encountered in Physics 2414:
1. Gravity: The attractive force between any two objects with mass.
2. Friction: A resistive force opposing motion or attempted motion between surfaces in contact.
  - Static Friction: Acts when objects are at rest relative to each other.
  - Kinetic Friction: Acts when objects are sliding past each other.
3. Normal Force: A contact force exerted by a surface, perpendicular to the surface.
4. Tension: A pulling force transmitted axially by means of a string, cable, chain, or similar one-dimensional continuous object.
5. Restoring, Elastic, or Spring Force: A force that tries to restore a deformed object to its original shape, often described by Hooke's Law: $F_{spring} = -k\Delta x$ , where $k$ is the spring constant and $\Delta x$ is the displacement from equilibrium.
Fundamental Nature of Force: A force always represents an interaction between two objects.
- When analyzing a force, specify what causes the force and what object the force acts on.
Vector Quantity: Force is a vector, possessing both magnitude and direction.

Statement: Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform velocity in a straight line, as long as no net force acts on it.
Key Implications:
- If an object is stationary, its velocity is zero ( $v=0$ ), and there is no net force acting on it.
- If an object is moving at a constant velocity (constant speed in a straight line), there is also no net force acting on it.
- It is crucial to understand that there may be multiple individual forces acting on an object, but if their vector sum (