Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids Study Notes

IUPAC Naming: e.g., CH3-CH-CH2-C-CH3 = 4-Hydroxypentan-2-one.
Reactions:
- DIBAL-H + H₂O converts CH₂-CH=CH-CN into CH3-CH=CH-CHO.
Conversion of Acetone: To convert acetone to propene, reduce to propan-2-ol.
Reaction Products:
- Specific structure reactions can produce compounds A and B via reactions with acids and oxidizing agents.
Properties:
- Order of acidity among carboxylic acids: RCOOH < RCH2COOH < (R-COOH)<.
Resonance in Carboxylic Acids: Lone pairs on oxygen can stabilize the carbonyl group, making it less electrophilic.
Functional Group Tests:
- Benzoic acid reacts with NaHCO3 while phenol does not.

Oxidation Reactions: Aldehydes are oxidized more easily than ketones due to the presence of an H atom attached to the carbonyl.
Reduction: Benzoyl chloride can be reduced to benzaldehyde using H2 with Pd/BaSO4.
Alcohol and Acid Reactions: Benzyl alcohol can be converted to phenyl ethanoic acid.
Hydration: Methyl magnesium iodide hydrolyzes to form alcohols.

Nucleophilic Addition: Acetaldehyde reacts faster than propanone due to lesser steric hindrance.
Wolff-Kishner Reduction: Converts carbonyl compounds to alkanes in high boiling solvents.
Distinguishing Tests: Use Tollens' reagent for aldehydes and Fehling's test.
Reactivity Order: Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones towards nucleophilic addition.
Decarboxylation: Sodium bicarbonate can yield effervescence when reacted with acids, indicating a carboxylic acid.

Stephan Reaction: Involves the formation of imines from nitriles and stannous chloride.
Etard Reaction: Converts toluene derivatives to aldehydes using chromyl chloride.
Cannizzaro Reaction: Aldehydes without alpha-hydrogens undergo self-oxidation/reduction.
Acylation Reactions: The introduction of acetyl groups can form various derivatives.
Reactivity Comparison: The introduction of electron-withdrawing groups increases the acidity of carboxylic acids.