SCHIZOPHRENIA

Foundations

  1. Schizophrenia causes distorted and bizarre __________.

  1. Public perception has historically viewed schizophrenia as __________.

  1. Schizophrenia is now recognized as an illness that can be controlled with __________.

  1. Peak incidence for males occurs in the __________.

  1. Peak incidence for females occurs in the __________.

  1. Schizophrenia affects about __________ of the population.

Symptoms

  1. Positive symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized __________.

  1. Negative symptoms include flat affect, lack of volition, and __________.

  1. Medication may control __________ symptoms.

  1. Negative symptoms often __________.

  1. Negative symptoms present barriers to __________.

Onset & Early Signs

  1. Onset of schizophrenia can be abrupt or __________.

  1. Most clients develop symptoms __________.

  1. Early symptoms include social withdrawal, loss of interest, and neglected __________.

  1. Diagnosis is made when __________ symptoms appear.

Course & Prognosis

  1. Earlier onset of schizophrenia leads to __________ outcomes.

  1. Younger clients show poorer premorbid adjustment and greater __________ impairment.

  1. Gradual onset correlates with poorer __________ outcomes.

  1. Relapse is common and linked to nonadherence, substance use, and poor __________.

  1. Neurologic soft signs include sensory and __________ deficits.

  1. One clinical pattern involves ongoing psychosis without full __________.

  1. Another pattern involves alternating episodes of psychosis and __________.

  1. Intensity of psychosis can __________ with age.

  1. About __________ of clients recover completely.

  1. Long‑term impairment affects social and __________ functioning.

  1. Schizophrenia becomes less disruptive over time, allowing some clients to live __________.

  1. Persistent negative symptoms and impaired cognition hinder full __________.

  1. Stigma and social withdrawal are not improved by __________.

  1. Early detection and aggressive treatment improve __________.

  1. Continued medication and psychosocial interventions reduce __________ rates.

Related Disorders

  1. Schizoaffective disorder combines schizophrenia and __________ symptoms.

  1. Schizophreniform disorder lasts less than __________ months.

  1. Diagnosis changes to schizophrenia if symptoms persist beyond __________ months.

  1. Catatonia involves marked __________ disturbance.

  1. Delusional disorder involves one or more __________ delusions.

Delusions & Hallucinations

  1. Persecutory delusions involve beliefs of being __________.

  1. Erotomanic delusions involve false beliefs of __________.

  1. Grandiose delusions involve inflated sense of __________.

  1. Somatic delusions involve false beliefs about __________.

  1. Psychosis includes delusions and __________.

  1. Hallucinations are false __________ perceptions.

  1. Auditory hallucinations may include __________ hallucinations.

  1. Command hallucinations may instruct the person to perform __________ actions.

Etiology

  1. Etiology of schizophrenia is __________.

  1. Genetic vulnerability interacts with __________ factors.

  1. Environmental risk factors include pregnancy complications, substance misuse, and __________.

  1. Immediate family members have increased __________ risk.

  1. Identical twins have a __________% risk.

  1. Fraternal twins have a __________% risk.

  1. Children have a __________% risk if one parent has schizophrenia.

  1. Children have a __________% risk if both parents have schizophrenia.

Biologic Factors

  1. Brain structure differences include enlarged __________.

  1. People with schizophrenia have less brain tissue and __________.

  1. They also have diminished glucose metabolism in __________ structures.

  1. Neurochemical theories involve dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and __________.

  1. Excess dopamine induces __________ reactions.

  1. Serotonin modulates and controls excess __________.

  1. Immunovirologic theories involve exposure to __________.

  1. Higher rates occur after __________ epidemics.

  1. Prodromal phase may last __________ before full psychosis.

Communication Guidelines

  1. Medication response varies due to genetic differences in __________.

  1. When communicating with delusional clients, be sincere and __________.

  1. Avoid vague or __________ remarks.

  1. Do not make promises you cannot __________.

  1. Encourage clients to talk without __________.

  1. Do not argue or try to __________ the client about delusions.

  1. Focus on __________ things, not delusional material.

  1. Gradually introduce clients to __________ activities.

  1. Show empathy and reassure __________.

  1. Never convey acceptance of delusions as __________.

  1. Interject doubt only when the client is __________.

  1. Help clients differentiate between holding a belief and __________ on it.

Treatment

  1. Antipsychotics decrease __________ symptoms.

  1. Antipsychotics do not __________ schizophrenia.

  1. Typical antipsychotics target __________ symptoms.

  1. Atypical antipsychotics may lessen __________ symptoms.

  1. Examples of typical antipsychotics include chlorpromazine and __________.

  1. Examples of atypical antipsychotics include clozapine and __________.

  1. Side effects of antipsychotics are a major cause of __________.

Side Effects & Management

  1. EPS include dystonia, akathisia, and __________.

  1. Tardive dyskinesia is __________.

  1. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is rare but __________.

  1. NMS symptoms include muscle rigidity, high fever, and elevated __________.

  1. Benztropine requires increased __________ intake.

  1. Diphenhydramine may cause __________.

  1. Propranolol may cause dizziness and cold __________.

Psychosocial Interventions

  1. Psychosocial treatment includes individual and __________ therapy.

  1. Cognitive adaptation training uses environmental __________.

  1. Cognitive enhancement therapy combines computer training with __________ sessions.

  1. Family education reduces __________ rates.

  1. ACT programs reduce hospital admissions by managing __________.

  1. Case managers help with housing, transportation, and __________ management.

  1. Schizophrenia affects all aspects of life including social interactions and __________ health.

  1. Positive symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, and disordered __________.

  1. Negative symptoms include social isolation, apathy, and lack of __________.

  1. Each client must be individually assessed to determine appropriate __________.

SCHIZOPHRENIA — ANSWER KEY

  1. Thoughts, perceptions, emotions, movements, and behavior

  2. Dangerous and uncontrollable

  3. Medication

  4. Late teens to early 20s

  5. 20s to early 30s

  6. 1%

  7. Thinking, speech, and behavior

  8. Social withdrawal or discomfort

  9. Positive

  10. Remain and persist

  11. Recovery

  12. Insidious

  13. Gradually

  14. Hygiene

  15. Positive

  16. Worse

  17. Cognitive

  18. Immediate and long‑term

  19. Social relationships

  20. Motor

  21. Recovery

  22. Recovery

  23. Diminish

  24. 10% to 15%

  25. Occupational

  26. Independently or in structured settings

  27. Independence

  28. Medication

  29. Outcomes

  30. Relapse rates

  31. Mood disorders

  32. 6

  33. 6

  34. Psychomotor

  35. Nonbizarre

  36. Followed or harmed

  37. Love

  38. Power or importance

  39. Bodily function

  40. Hallucinations

  41. Sensory

  42. Command

  43. Dangerous or life‑threatening

  44. Multifactorial

  45. Environmental

  46. Poverty or social isolation

  47. Genetic risk

  48. 50%

  49. 15%

  50. One (16%)

  51. Both (46%)

  52. Ventricles

  53. Cerebrospinal fluid

  54. Frontal cortical

  55. Glutamate

  56. Psychotic reactions

  57. Dopamine

  58. Viruses

  59. Influenza

  60. Months or years

  61. Metabolism

  62. Honest

  63. Evasive

  64. Keep

  65. Prying

  66. Convince

  67. Real

  68. Group

  69. Presence and acceptance

  70. Reality

  71. Ready

  72. Acting

  73. Psychotic

  74. Cure

  75. Positive

  76. Negative

  77. Fluphenazine

  78. Risperidone

  79. Nonadherence

  80. Parkinsonism

  81. Irreversible

  82. Fatal

  83. Creatine phosphokinase

  84. Fluid and fiber

  85. Sedation

  86. Hands and feet

  87. Group

  88. Supports

  89. Group

  90. Relapse

  91. Symptoms and medications

  92. Money

  93. Emotional

  94. Thought processes

  95. Motivation or volition

  96. Nursing actions