Psych memory

Semantic Memory : Memory for facts and general knowledge (not personal experiences).
Episodic Memory : Memory for personal experiences and events.
Procedural Memory : Memory for skills and actions (how to do things).
Explicit Memory : Memory that requires conscious recall (episodic + semantic).
Implicit Memory : Memory that does not require conscious awareness (procedural, priming).
Autobiographical Memory : Memory of your own life experiences.
Superior Autobiographical Memory : A rare ability to remember extremely detailed personal life events.

Sensory Memory : The briefest memory stage, holding incoming sensory information.
Iconic Memory : Visual sensory memory (lasts about ½ second).
Echoic Memory : Auditory sensory memory (lasts 3–4 seconds).

Short-Term Memory (STM) : Brief storage of information (about 20–30 seconds, limited capacity).
Working Memory : An active form of STM where information is used and manipulated.

Working Memory Model : Explains how STM actively processes information.
Central Executive : Controls attention and coordinates other parts of working memory.
Phonological Loop : Handles sounds and spoken words.
Visuospatial Sketchpad : Handles visual images and spatial information.

Multi-Store Model : Memory flows from sensory → short-term → long-term through rehearsal.
Long-Term Memory (LTM) : Relatively permanent storage of information.

Automatic Processing : Encoding information without effort (time, space, well-learned info).
Effortful Processing : Encoding information that requires attention and effort.

Structural Processing : Encoding based on appearance (shallow).
Phonemic Processing : Encoding based on sound.
Semantic Processing : Encoding based on meaning (deepest, best).

Mnemonic Devices : Memory aids using imagery or organization.
Method of Loci : Associating information with specific physical locations.
Chunking : Grouping information into meaningful units.
Categorization : Organizing information into groups.
Hierarchy : Organizing information from broad to specific.

Spacing Effect : Learning is better when study sessions are spread out.
Mass Practice : Studying all at once (cramming).
Distributed Practice : Studying over time (better for memory).
Testing Effect : Retrieval practice improves long-term memory.

Memory Consolidation : Process of converting STM into LTM.
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) : Strengthening of neural connections after repeated use.

Serial Position Effect : Tendency to remember first and last items best.
Primacy Effect : Better recall of early items.
Recency Effect : Better recall of recent items.
Maintenance Rehearsal : Repeating information to keep it in STM.
Elaborative Rehearsal : Linking new info to meaningful concepts (better).

Recall : Retrieving information without cues.
Recognition : Identifying information with cues.
Retrieval : Getting information out of memory storage.
Encoding Specificity Principle : Recall is best when encoding and retrieval conditions match.
Context-Dependent Memory : Better recall when in the same environment.
State-Dependent Memory : Better recall when in the same physical state.
Mood-Congruent Memory : Recall information that matches your mood.

Forgetting Curve : Information is lost rapidly at first, then levels off.
Encoding Failure : Information was never encoded, so it can’t be recalled.
Source Amnesia : Forgetting where information came from.
Imagination Inflation : Imagining an event makes it feel real.
Constructive Memory : Memory that is rebuilt, not exact.

Proactive Interference : Old memories interfere with new ones.
Retroactive Interference : New memories interfere with old ones.
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon : Feeling that you know something but can’t retrieve it.

Misinformation Effect : Memory is distorted by misleading information.
Repression : Unconsciously pushing threatening memories into the unconscious.

Retrograde Amnesia : Loss of memories before brain damage.
Anterograde Amnesia : Inability to form new memories (hippocampus damage).
Alzheimer’s Disease : Progressive brain disorder causing memory loss and cognitive decline.
Infantile Amnesia : Inability to remember early childhood experiences.

Prospective Memory : Remembering to do something in the future.
Metacognition : Thinking about how you learn and remember.

Frontal Lobes : Working memory, retrieval, and organization.
Hippocampus : Formation of new declarative memories.
Cerebellum : Procedural and motor memories.
Basal Ganglia : Habit and skill learning.
Amygdala : Emotional memory formation.