BTech 3 - Presentation

2. WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC CONSTRUCTION

2.1 TYPES OF WOOD FRAMING

  1. Light Wood Framing

    • Balloon Frame:

      • Lightest form of framing consisting of continuous lengths of studding and corner posts from the first floor line to the roof plate.

      • Ribbons notched into studs to support second-story joists.

      • This framing lacks rigidity and is prone to swaying in high winds.

  2. Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girders

    • Used primarily in the Philippines; girders support the floor joists while the roof trusses are supported by girts.

    • Studs rest on floor sills and run to the roof.

2.2 JOINTS AND SPLICING

2.2.1 TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS

  1. Plain Joint (Lap Joint):

    • Temporary framing method; one piece overlaps another and is nailed together. Not very strong.

  2. Butt or Square Joint:

    • Full thickness of wood placed against each other with smooth edges; secured using toe-nailing.

  3. Oblique Joint:

    • Used for bracing; pieces cut at angles and secured together.

  4. Spliced or Scabbed Joint:

    • Joins two timber pieces for continuity, using mating surfaces that may be beveled before fastening.

  5. Mortise and Tenon Joint:

    • Provides strength and rigidity; made by cutting a hole in one piece and a fitting tongue on the other.

  6. Rabbet Joint:

    • One piece cut to receive another; used in window and door frames.

  7. Dado Joint:

    • A groove cut in one piece to receive another; provides strength when nails are used only on the end piece.

  8. Miter Joint:

    • Corner joint made by cutting pieces at complementary angles, usually secured with clamps or glue.

  9. Dovetail Joint:

    • Strong joint used for cabinet work, shaped like a dovetail.

  10. Coped Joint:

  • Used for fitting moldings at right angles to each other.

2.2.2 SPLICES

  • Function is to connect timber pieces so that the joint equals the strength of a single piece.

  • Types:

    • Scabbed Splice: Pieces mated together with short wood pieces (scabs) or metal plates (fishplates) to provide stability.

    • Halved Splice: Each piece’s thickness halved and joined for compression strength.

    • Square Splice: Modification made to increase tension resistance.

    • Scarfed Splice: Designed for pieces bent under horizontal weight, with features for compression and tension.

2.3 TIMBER CONNECTORS

  • Devices used to strengthen bolted joints and simplify heavy construction:

  1. Split Rings: Used in heavy constructions, made in various diameters.

  2. Toothed Rings: Used for lighter constructions between timber frames.

  3. Claw Plates: Used in timber-to-metal and timber-to-timber connections.

  4. Shear Plates: Reinforce joints for structural integrity.

2.4 MASONRY WALLS

  • Types of Masonry Walls: Solid, cavity, and veneered walls.

    • Can be unreinforced with horizontal reinforcement or reinforced with steel bars.

  • Common Units: Bricks, concrete blocks, structural clay tiles, etc.

  • Types of Mortar: Cement, lime, and masonry cement with different strengths.

2.5 CHB WALL CONSTRUCTION

  • Concrete Block consists of cement and aggregates; types include hollow and solid blocks; layout involves careful reinforcement and anchorages with dowel bars for strength.

  • Wall footings distribute loads and provide stability; stiffeners are inserted for lateral support.

2.6 CONCRETE SLABS

  • Concrete slabs require a stable, compacted soil base. Types of joints in slabs accommodate movement, with specifications for reinforced concrete, beam supports, and grading systems.

2.7 WOOD POSTS AND COLUMNS

  • Consider lumber species and loading conditions; failure through crushing can occur from excessive unit stress.

2.8 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM AND FINISHES

  • Consists of joists, girders, and bridging elements to support flooring; various bridging types enhance rigidity.

2.9 DOORS AND ACCESSORIES

  • Different operational types like sliding, folding, and flush doors, including materials and construction for durability and aesthetics.

2.10 WINDOWS AND ACCESSORIES

  • Components include frames, sashes, and glazing systems, which provide ventilating and insulation qualities as well as aesthetic appeal.

2.11 ROOF FRAMING SYSTEM

  • Includes terminology for different roof types; structural components like rafters, ties, and beams.

2.12 STAIR AND RAILING SYSTEMS

  • Different types of stair layouts, stringers, and components crucial for structural integrity and safety.

2.13 SKYLIGHTS

  • Guidelines for installation concerning area, slope, and structural integrity.