Euro 1850-pre WWI Study Guide

Emergence of realpolitik after 1848

1. Failure of the revolutions of 1848 for liberals and romantics demonstrated that strong idealism was not enough to accomplish revolutionary goals

   1. The age of realism replaced romanticism as the dominant philosophy after 1850

   2. A political outgrowth of realism was the notion of realpolitik: the accomplishment of one's political goals via practical means (rather than having idealism drive political decisions) 

2. A new political era emerged where nationalism goals were achieved step by step in machiavellian fashion (german unification, italian, and hungarian autonomy) 

3. In france, emperor napoleon III louis Napoelon would have to cater to liberals in order to maintain effective control 

Crimean War (1853-56)

1. Failure of the concert of Europe

   1. Its credibility was undermined by failure of the great powers to cooperate during the revolutions of 1848-49

   2. Between 1848 and 1878, peace in europe was interrupted by the crimean war and the russo-turkish war of 1877-78

2. Causes of the war

   1. Major cause: dispute between two groups of christians over privileges in the holy land (palestine) 

      1. In 1852 the turks (who controlled palestine) agreed to napoleon's III’s demand to provide enclaves in the holy land for the protection of roman catholic religious orders 

      2. This agreement seems to jeopardize existing agreements which provided access to greek orthodox religious orders (that Russia favored) 

      3. Tsar nicholas I ordered russian troops to occupy several turkish controlled provinces on the danube river

         1. Russia would withdraw once the turks had guaranteed rights for orthodox christians 

         2. The ottoman empire declared war on russia in 1853, when nicholas refused to withdraw from danubian provinces 

         3. In 1854, britain and france declared war against Russia 

            1. To some this was  a major surprise as the turks were not christians, yet were supported by britain and france who were christian countries

            2. The four points included the following provisions

               1. Russia had to renounce claims to the occupied principalities on the danube

               2. Navigation on the mouth of the danube river (on the black sea) was internationalized

               3. Russia had to renounce its special role of protector of greek orthodox Christians within the ottoman empire 

               4. In 1855, piedmon joined the war against russia

               5. Austria agreed to the four points and gave russia an ultimatum to comply or austria would join the war

               6. The new tsar, alexander II, agreed to accept the four points nad end the war

                  1. Unlike tsar nicholas I who had died in 1855, alexander was opposed to IDK IDK

3. Fighting the war

   1. Florence nightingale 

      1. British nurse who became a pioneer in modern nursing

      2. During the crimean war more men died of disease rather than by combat wounds

      3. Nightingales (light brigade) 

4. Peace of Paris: russia emerged as the big loser in the conflict

   1. Russia no longer had control of maritime trade on the danube, had to recognize turkish control of the mouth of the danube, and renounced claims to moldavia and wallachia (which later became romania) 

   2. Russia renounced the role of protector of greek orthodox residents in the ottoman empire

   3. The independence of and integrity of the ottoman empire was recognized and guaranteed 

5. Aftermath of the ar

   1. Russia was shocked that ittit had fallen so far behind in military 

France

1. Second french republic 1848-1852

   1. Constitution: unicameral legislature (national assembly); strong executive power; popularity elected president 

   2. Universal male suffrage 

   3. President Louis Napoleon 1848-52

      1. Dedicated to law and order, opposed to socialism and radicalism, and favored the conservative classes – the church, army, property owners, and business

      2. He had lived much of his life outside of france and thus had little political baggage to rally opponents

      3. Voters perhaps swayed by the napoleonic legend of greatness and stability and desired to have another bonaparte in control 

      4. In return for support of conservatives, louis napoleon had to make concessions

         1. Falloux laws: louis napoleon return control of education to the church ( in return for its support) 

         2. He minimize the influence of the legislative assembly 

         3. He supported policies favorable to the army 

         4. He disenfranchised many poor people from voting

         5. He destroyed the democratic socialist movement by jailing of exile its leaders and closing down labor unions - political prisoners

         6. The legislative assembly did not grant louis napoleon either payment of his large personal debt or allowance for a second presidential term

            1. In response louis napoleon plotted a coup to become emperor 

2. The Second Empire (or Liberal Empire) 

   1. Emperor Napoleon III: took control of government  in a coup d'etat december 1851 and became emperor the following year

      1. He restored universal suffrage in 1852 and 92% of the people voted to make him president for 10 years

         1. France was the only country one rule at the time to provide universal suffrage

      2. In 1853 97% of voters agreed to make him hereditary emperor  

      3. 1851-1850: napoleon's III’s control was direct and authoritarian

         1. Strengthened centralized power

         2. An imperial aristocracy emerged consisting of wealthy businessmen

         3. Censorship of the press

         4. The government sponsored official candidates in elections

      4. 1859-1870: napoleon III set out to build the liberal empire by initiating a series of reforms 

      5. Napoleon III’s rule provided a model for other political leaders in europe

         1. It demonstrated how government could reconcile popular nad 

   2. Economic reforms results in a healthy economy

      1. infrastructure railroads , canals, roads; baron georges von haussmann redeveloped paris

      2. Movement towards free trade

         1. French exports doubled between 53-64

         2. Signed a liberal trade treaty with britain in 1860

         3. Perhaps the first time that any modern state had played such a direct role in stimulating the economy

      3. Baking : Credit Mobilier was established in 1852 and funded industrial and infrastructure growth throughout europe

         1. It was one of the rodsl most important financial institutions in the 50s and 60s

      4. France metallurgical industry rivaled Britain

      5. French investors financed large infrastructure projects in russia, spain and italy

         1. The suez canal on egypt was completed in 1869

   3. Political reforms 

      1. Napoleon III extended the power of the legislative assembly

         1. Members were elected by universal suffrage every 6 heras

         2. Opposition candidates had greater freedom

      2. He returned control of secondary education ot the government (instead of the catholic church)

         1. In response, pope pius IDK IDK

      3. He permitted trade unions and their right to strike (1864) 

      4. He eased censorship and granted amnesty to political prisoners

      5. He supported better housing

      6. He supported credit unions and the regulation of pawn shop

   4. Foreign policy struggles resulted in a strong criticism of Napoleon III and demonstrated his weakness as a ruler

      1. He sent french troops to italy to rescue and restore  pope pius IX (troops remained between 1849 and 1870)

         1. Condemned by republicans (through supported by conservatives and moderates) 

      2. French involvement in the crimean war angered republicans and liberals 

      3. Issue of colonialism in algeria dn other colonies in africa, indochina, and mexico became a contentious political issue with the anti imperialists

   5. The Franco - Prussian war (70-71) and capture of napoleon III resulted in the collapse of the 2nd french empire 

Italian Unification 

1. After the collap[se of the revolutions of 1848-49 the unification movement in italy shifted to Sardinia Piedmont under king victor emmanuel II, count Cavour and Garibaldi

   1. The new unification movements replaced earlier leaders mazzini, the once liberal Pope pius IX and Gioberti 

   2. Realpolitik as a policy emerged instead of the ideal of romanticism for unification: machiavellian approach–practical politics 

2. Cunt Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861) of sardinia piedmont led the struggle for italian unification 

   1. Her served as King Victor Emmanuel II’s prime minister between 1852 and 1861

      1. He was essentially a moderate nationalist and an aristocratic liberal 

      2. Editor of Il Risorgimento, a newspaper arguing sardinia should be the foundation of a new unified italy 

      3. He guided sardinia piedmont into a liberal and economically viable state 

         1. Piedmonts constitution was modeled on the french constitution of 1830: some civil liberties, parliamentary government with elections, and parliamentary control of taxes

         2. Reformed the judicial system

         3. Built up infrastructure (roads, canals, ports) 

         4. The law of convents and the Siccardi law sought to reduce the influence of the catholic church

         5. In response, pope pius IX issued his syllabus of errors (1864) warning catholics against liberalism, rationalism, socialism, separation of church and state, and religious liberty 

            1. It was also a response to france’s secularization of education during the same period 

      4. Cavour sought unity for the northern and central areas of italy

         1. In 1855, joined britain and france in the crimean war against russia 

         2. Plombieres (1858)

            1. Cavour gained a promise from napoleon III that france would support a sardinian war with austria for the creation of a northern italian kingdom (controlled by sardinia) 

               1. Piedmont would annex a number of italian states such as venice, lombardy, parma, modena and part of the papal states

            2. In return, France would get savoy and nice

            3. Austria declared war on Sardinia in 1858 after being provoked

   2. Unificiation

      1. Sardinia piedmont gained lombardy (but not venetia) as a result of its 1859 war with austria

         1. France briefly came to sardinia’s aid in 1859

         2. Yet, france soon backed away from the plombieres agreement due to fears of war with prussia, austria’s strength in military power, revolutionary unrest  IDK 

      2. In 1860, cavour arranged the annexation of parma, modena, romagna, and tuscany into sardinia piedmont

      3. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) liberated southern italy and sicily

         1. Garibaldi exemplified the romantic nationalism 

         2. May 1860, garibaldi and his thousand red shirts landed in sicily and extended the nationalist activity into southern italy

         3. By september, garibaldi took control of naples and the kingdom of the two Sicilies

            1. Although acavour distrusted garibaldi, victor emmanuel II encouraged garibaldi’s exploits in the south of italy

            2. Cavour insisted that sardinia piedmont be the foundation IDK 

         4. February 1861, Victor Emmanuel I was declared King of italy 

         5. In 1866, venetia was incorporated into italian kingdom as a result of an alliance with german chancellor Bismarck 

            1. Sardinia had agreed to open up a front against Austria during the Austro-prussian war (1866) in return for its annexation of venetia 

         6. In 1871, rome was captured by italian troops and became the capital of the kingdom of italy

            1. France had just been defeated by germany in the franco prussian war and could no longer defend the papal states

         7. Though politically unified, a great social and cultural gap separated the progressive, industrializing north from the stagnant, agrarian south 

German unification under the hohenzollerns

1. After 1815, Prussia emerged as an alternative to a habsburg based germany

   1. In 1849, austria had blocked the attempt of frederick william IV of prussia to unify germany “from above” 

      1. This was known as the “humiliation of Olmutz” 

      2. Thus the grossdeutsch plan failed 

   2. Zollverein (German Customs Union), 1734: the biggest source of tension between Prussia and Austria

      1. It excluded austria; austria thus tried to destroy it, but couldn't

   3. Kleindeutsch plan: the idea of a unified germany without austria was seen as the IDK IDK IDK

2. Otto von bismarck (10-98) led the drie for a prussian based hohenzollern germany

   1. Junker background; obsessed with power

   2. Gap theory gained bismarck's favor with the king

      1. The army bill crisis created a stalemate between the king and legislature over reforms to the army

      2. Bismarck insisted the Prussian constitution contained a “gap”: it did not mention what was to be done if a stalemate developed 

      3. Since the king had granted the constitution bismarck insisted the ignore liberals (middle class) in the legislature and following his own judgment

         1. “The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and resolutions –that was the blunder of 1848 and 49–but by blood and iron” 

         2. Government continued to collect taxes even though the parliament refused to approve the budget

         3. Bismarck oversaw a number of reforms that improved the prussian military 

3. Prussian Danish War, 1863

   1. Germany and austria defeated denmark and took control of the provinces of schleswig and holstein

   2. The provinces were jointly administered by prussia and austria but conflicts over jurisdiction led to a major IDK IDK IDK 

4. Austro-Prussian war (seven weeks war) or German Civil war

   1. Bismarck sought a localized war

      1. He made diplomatic preparations for war with austria by negotiating with france, italy, and russia for noninterference 

   2. Prussias use of railroads to mass troops and use of the breech loading rifle proved superior to austria's military efforts 

   3. Prsussias victory unified much of germany without austria

      1. The kleindeutsch plan prevailed 

   4. 1867, the north german confederation was established by bismarck with king william I as president

      1. Included all the german states except baden, wurttemberg, bavaria, and saxony

      2. The federal constitution allowed each state to retain its own local government

      3. The parliament (reichstag) consisted of two houses that shared power equally

         1. The upper house (bundesrat) IDK

      4. The new government structure gage bismarck the ability to circumvent the middle class by appealing directly to the working classes (as napoleon III had done in rance) 

5. Franco Prussian war (70-71)

   1. Ems dispatch 1870

      1. Bismarck sought to provoke war with france in order to further unify germany and annex alsace and lorraine 

      2. Thus bismarck boasted that a french diplomat had been kicked out of germany after asking william I not to interfere with the succession to the spanish throne

         1. The alleged snub was exaggerated IDK 

      3. An infuriated france declared war against germany 

   2. Bismarkc used the war with france to bring the 4 remaining southern german states into the north german confederation: bavaria, badne, wurttemberg, and sny

   3. The apparatne ease with which prussia defeat france sent shockwaves throughout europe

   4. Paris fell to the germans in january 1871: napoleon III was captured

      1. The battles of sedan and metz were particularly decisive in prussia victory

   5. Treaty of Frankfurt Alsace and Lorraine were ceded to Germany

   6. The german empire was proclaimed on january 18, 1871 (germany was now the most powerful nation in europe) 

      1. William I became emperor of germany (kaiser Wilhelm I ) 

      2. Bismarck became the imperial chancellor 

      3. The german empire's government was essentially the same federal structure established in 1866

         1. In reality the reichstag had little power as the german empire became a conservative autocracy with the nobility allied with the monarch

The Austro Hungarian empire

1. After the Austro-prussian war, the austrian government had to address national aspirations of its ethnic groups

   1. The hungarians and czechs continued to demand self determination, or at the very least, semi autonomous states

   2. Austria's defeat by germany in 1866 weakens its grip on power and forced it to make a compromise and a so called dual monarchy

2. Ausgleich or compromise

   1. Officially created the Austro-hungarian empire

   2. Hungarians now had their own assembly cabinet and administrative system and would support and participate with austria in the imperial army and the imperial government

   3. Results

      1. Austria assimilated the Hungarians (magyars) and nullified them as a primary opposition group

      2. It also led to more efficient government 

3. Managing the empire

   1. The government was not integrated due to differences among various ethnic groups

      1.  The language used became an issue in school

      2. Universal male suffrage 

   2. Anti semitism was profound in austria

      1. Jewish populations in austrian cities grew rapidly after jews obtained full legal equality in 1867

         1. By 1900, jews comprised 10% of the population

      2. Many jewish business people were successful in banking and trade while jewish artists, intellectuals, and scientists emerged (e.g. freud) 

      3. German extremists charged jews with controlling the economy and corruption german culture with alien idea and ultramodern art

      4. Magyar rule in hungary

         1. The maguar nobility in 1867 restored the constitution of 1848 and used it to dominate both the magyar peasantry and the minority population s until 1915

         2. Only the wealthiest 25% of adult males IDK 

      5. After 1871, the habsburg leadership lost the initiative to resolve the empires important divisive issues 

         1. Unlike most major countries which used nationalism to strengthen the state after 1871, the Austro-hungarian empire was progressively weakened and destroyed by it

England and France during La Belle Epoque

1. Third french republic declared

   1. September 1870 after defeat at the battle of sedan

   2. Napoleon III abdicated the throne

   3. New government headed by adolphe thiers

      1. This new government continued the fight against the germans who laid siege to paris

      2. To defend paris a national guard was raised numbering over 350k 

   4. France surrender din february 1871 after 40k parisians died

   5. Theirs government was seen as 

      1. Too conservative

      2. Too royalist 

      3. Too ready to accept a humiliating peace with prussia

   6. Prussian troops marched into paris in march 1871

   7. The french government established itself at Versailles, NOT in paris

      1. Parisians angered with this. 

      2. Opposed the policies of  this new government 

      3. Attempted to restore order in paris 

   8. The paris commune (communards) was selected on march 28 and established itself at the hotel de ville

   9. Troops from versailles →←communards

   10. The commune wa suppressed by government troops led by marshal patrice macmahon during the last week of may 1871

2. Attempted communard reforms

   1. Allowed trade unions and workers cooperatives to take over factories not in use and start them up again

   2. Set up unemployment changes in town halls

   3. Provide basic elementary education for all→ they were strongly against church tronolled schools

   4. Attempted to set up girl schools

   5. Day nurseries near factories for working mothers

      1. Too little time to accomplish much

3. An overview of the third french republic

   1. Politically very unstable

      1. Rivalry between monarchists and republicans 

      2. A number of scandals

   2. Because there were so many factions all governments were coalitions

   3. Still, it survived longer than any other regime since 1789

4. The constitution

   1. The president

      1. Head of state→ little political power

         1. Right to dissolve the chamber of deputies with the support of the senate

         2. Right to nominate the new head of government

         3. Played an important role in foreign affairs

   2. The senate

      1. Elected by mayors and councilors in the counties throughout france

      2. Nicknames the chamber of agriculture  because the countryside was over represented

      3. Elected every nine years

      4. Very conservative body→able to block progressive legislation

   3. The chamber of deputies

      1. Chosen every four years 

      2. 600 members elected by universal male suffrage

      3. There was no organized party system

      4. Major political groupings in the chamber

         1. Socialists→ many were marxists

         2. Moderate republicans → middle class

         3. Radicals→ anticlerical

         4. Monarchists→ catholics, bonapartists, etc

5. Scandals

   1. Boulanger Affair

      1. Bonapartism without a bonaparte

      2. Most of the army was dominated by monarchists

      3. But the minister of war, General Georges Boulanger was a republican 

      4. Very popular with the troops

         1. Can rally them to carry out an overthrow of the government

      5. Now a national figure, he was the focal point of conservative opposition to the republican government

         1. Was part of a plot to overthrow the republic 

         2. Was summoned to trial but he fled to belgium where he committed suicide on the grave of his mistress

      6. Boulangers fall increased public confidence in the republic

   2. The panama Canal scandal: Ferdinand de lesseps

      1. President of the french company that worked on the panama canal

         1. Government officials took bribes from the company to withhold news from the public that it was in serious economic debt

         2. One billion francs affecting 800k investors 

      2. All but one of the accused went unpunished due to lack of evidence

      3. Antisemitism 

         1. Two german Jews were also involved → they receive the most press coverage

      4. Results

         1. The scandal proved to the public that the republic was corrupt

         2. It created a climate of anti semitism that would increase in time

   3. The Dreyfus Affair

      1. In 1894 a list of french military documents called the bordereau were found in the waste bucket of the german embassy in paris 

      2. French counter intelligence suspected Captain Alfred Dreyfus from a wealthy Alsatian Jewish family→ he was one of the few Jews on the general staff

      3. Dreyfus was tried , convicted of treason and sent to devil's island in French Guiana

      4. The real culprit was a major esterhazy whose handwriting was the same as that on the bordereau

         1. The government tried him and found him not guilty in 2 days

      5. A famous author, Emile Zola, published an open letter called J’Accuse!

         1. He accused the army of a mistrial and cover-up

         2. The government prosecuted him for libel - misinfo about government

         3. Found him guilty→ sentenced to a year in prison 

      6. Anti Drefusards→ ←Dreyfusards

      7. Public opinion was divided→ it reflected the divisions in french society

      8. The dreyfusards were anti clericals, intellectuals, freemasons, and socialists

      9. For the anti dreyfusards, the honor of the army was more important than dreyfus’ guilt or idk

      10. Drefus finally got a new trial in 1899

      11. He was brought back from devil's island white haired and broken

      12. Results: 

          1. Found guilty again, BUT with extenuating circumstances

          2. Was given a presidential pardon

          3. Exonerated completely in 1906

          4. Served in world war I 

          5. Died in 1935 

Aims of French Foreign Policy

1. To regain the provinces of alsace and lorraine lost to germany in 1871

2. To end her isolation in international affairs after the franco-prussian war

3. To expand her colonial empire and regain some of her prestige lost after the franco prussian war -took big hit because of the war and will not be completely fixed till after WW2

4. French Colonial Empire (Greatest republic)

   1. The empire set up under the 3rd republic was the greatest france had ever possessed

   2. Jules Ferry played a huge role in french empire building

   3. Ironcialy, (ironic because france was not religious) two thirds of missionary priests outside europe were french

   4. By 1914, france was the second largest colonial power in the world and the largest in Africa (Biggest was the British) 

5. 1889 paris exposition : gallery of machinery

   1. Worlds fair held in honor of the french revolution centennial 

   2. The Eiffel Tower completed in 1889 served as the entrance to the fair (showcase of technology and industrialisation) 

Victorian England 

1. Britain: 1850-1870s

   1. The most prosperous period in British history (Controlled most of trade in the world because of industrialisation and colonies) 

      1. Unprecedented economic growth

      2. Heyday of free trade/market

      3. New fields of expansion→ shipbuilding from wood to iron 

         1. By 187- Britain's carrying trade enjoyed a virtual monopoly

      4. British engineers were building railroad all over the world

      5. British foreign holdings nearly doubled

   2. BUT Britain's prosperity didn't do away with political discontent (economically was great, but socially there are asking for more reforms/England would love to be stable) 

2. VIctorian Compromise

   1. Both Tories (conservative) and whigs (liberal) had considered the 1832 reform bill as the FINAL political reform

   2. Therefore the aims the two political parties seemed indistinguishable

   3. But by the 1860 the middle class and working class had grown→ they wanted the franchise expanded( vote) 

   4. This era saw the realignment of political parties in the house of commons: 

      1. Tory party→ conservative party under Benjamin Disraeli

      2. Whig party→ liberal party under William Gladstone

3. The Two Great Men

   1. Benjamin Disraeli 

      1. Conservative prime minister 

      2. 1868 

      3. 1874-1880

   2. William gladstone 

      1. Liberal prime minister

      2. 1868-1874

      3. 1880-1885

      4. 1886 (He tried to give the Irish Independence) 

      5. 1892-1894

4. The 2nd reform bill of 1867

   1. In 1866 Gladstone introduced a moderate reform bill that was defeated by the conservatives

   2. A more radical reform bill was introduced by Disraeli in 1867, passed largely with some liberal support (realpolitik) 

   3. Disraeli’s goals

      1. Give the conservative party control over the reform process

      2. Labor would be grateful and cote conservative

   4. Components of the bill

      1. Extended the franchise by almost a million→ an increase of 88% (a very low percentage of Englishmen could vote)

      2. Vote given to male householders and male lodgers paying at least $10 for room

      3. Eliminated rotten boroughs with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants (there were large differences in power and quality of district)

      4. Extra representation in parliament to larger cities like Liverpool and Manchester

   5. This ended the Victorian Compromise

   6. Benjamin Disraeli 

      1. Dandy and romance novelist

      2. Brilliant debater

      3. Baptized by his father into the anglican church

      4. BUT, he was the first and only prime minister of Jewish percentage

      5. Strong imperialism 

         1. Greater England foreign policy

      6. Respecte By queen Victoria

   7. William Gladstone ←Irish Independence guy

      1. An active legislator and reformer

      2. Known for his populist speeches

      3. Could be preachy

      4. Queen victoria couldn't stand him

      5. Tried to deal with the “Irish question” 

      6. Supported a Little England foreign policy (no imperialism)

   8. Gladstone 1st ministry

      1. Goals (Gladstonianism) 

         1. Decrease public spending

         2. Reform laws that prevented people from acting freely to improve themselves

            1. He's against privilege and supports a meritocracy

            2. Protect democracy through education

         3. Promote peace aborad to help reduce spending and taxation, to help enhance trade

            1. Low tariffs

            2. All political questions are moral questions 

      2. Accomplishments of Gladstone 

         1. 1868: army reform→ Peacetime flogging was illegal 

         2. 1869: Disestablishment Act → Irish Catholics did not have to pay taxes to support the anglican church in England

         3. 1870: education act→ elementary education made available to Welsh and English children between 5-13 years

         4. 1870: The Irish land act→ curtailed absentee protestant landowners from evicting their irish catholic tenants without compensation 

         5. 1871: university test act 

         6. 1872: ballot act→ secret ballot for local and general elections 

         7. 1873: legislation was passed that restructured the high courts

         8. Civil service exams introduced for many government positions

         9. Domestic policy

            1. 1875: Artisans dwelling act→ government would define minimum housing standards

            2. 1875: public health act→ government to create a modern sewer system in the big cities nad establish a sanitary code

            3. 1875: pure food and drug act

            4. 1875: climbing boys act→ licenses only given to adult chimney sweeps (young boys would get screwed over by doing this job)

            5. 1875: conspiracy and Protection of property act→ allowed peaceful picketing (peaceful protesting/striking) 

            6. 1876: Education act

            7. 1878: Employers and workmen act 

   9. Gladstone 2nd ministry

      1. Accomplishments of Gladstone

         1. Domestic policy

            1. 1884: reform bill

               1. Extended the franchise to agricultural laborers 

               2. Gave hte counties the same franchise as the burroughs 

               3. Added 6 million to the total number who could vote in parliamentary elections 

            2. 1885: redistribution of seats act→ changes M.P seats in commons to reflect new demographic changes

   10. Gladstone last ministries

       1. Third ministry : 1886

          1. First introduce din irish home rule bill

             1. This issue split the liberal party 

             2. Gladstone lost his position in a few months

       2. 4th ministry: 1892-94

          1. 1893: reintroduced a home rule bill

             1. Provided for an irish parliament

             2. Did NOT offer ireland independence

             3. Passed by the commons, but rejected n the house of lords(lords did not want to lose Irland)

5. The Foreign Policy Debate

England's economic decline 

1. Germany and the US became England's chief economic rivals

2. Influx of cheap agricultural products form overseas caused a rapid decline in british farming

3. Germany and the US overtook britain in basic iron and steel production

4. England's share of world trade fell from 23% in 1876 to 15% in 1913

5. British science and technology education lagged behind Germany 

6. England is slow to modernize her aging industrial infrastructure

7. England clings to free trade while everyone else is putting up tariff walls 

The Peoples budget

1. The liberals dominated government from 1906 to 1924

2. The liberal chancellor fo the exchequer David lloyd george presented a people’s budget in 1911

   1. Increase income taxes for those in the higher brackets (income) 

   2. Raise the inheritance tax - going after rich

3. The house of lords rejected this bill 

The Parliament act of 1911

1.  A political crisis

   1. WHY→ lords had traditionally approved all revenue bills passe by the commons in the past

   2. By threatening to creat enough new liberal peer to control that chamber King George V forced the house of lords to pass this bill

2. Also known as the 4th reform bill

3. Provisions: 

   1. Lords could not defeat a bull passed three times by commons

   2. Lords cant hold up revenue bills for more than one month

   3. Members of commons would be paid a salary 

DBQ Topic OLD AND NEW IMPERIALISM WRITING ASSIGNMENT

1. Contextualization

   1. Industrial revolution prompted imperialism due to markets and natural resources

The New Imperialism 1880-1914

1. Imperialism: the control of one people by another (can be political, economic or cultural) 

2. “Old Imperialism” 16th-18th centuries

   1. European powers did not usually acquire large amounts of territory in Africa and Asia but built a series of trade stations 

      1. Portugal established a series of trading posts in west Africa, India and Indonesia 

         1. In the 16th century it dominated the spice trade before losing it to the dutch 

      2. The Netherlands likewise established trading posts in Indonesia and ceylon (Sri Lanka) and came to dominate the spice trade in the 17th century 

      3. Europeans in asia respected fand frequently cooperated with local rulers in India, China, Japan and Indonesia and other areas where trade flourished between the traders. 

   2. The new world was the exception

      1. Spain established an enormous empire in central and south america and lay claim IDK

3. “New Imperialism” 

   1. It began in the 1880s in africa earlier in Asia

      1. In 1800 Europeans controlled about 7% of the worlds territory by 1914; they controlled 84%

         1. The british empire controlled about 25% of the worlds population by 1900 (around 1.7 billion people) and 20% of the worlds territory ; “the empire upon which the sun never sets” - every time zone

            1. One could travel around the world by railroad and sea moving only through british territories

            2. It included Australia, Canada, India, colonies in africa, asia and the caribbean 

         2. Europeans colonized africa nad asia by using military force to take control of local governments exploiting local economies for raw materials required by Europe's growing industry, and imposing western values 

         3. The superiority of European weaponry included armed steam ships that could penetrate via rivers into the African interior, muskets with Minié balls (bullets), breech loading rifles, machine guns, and quinine the protected susceptible Europeans from malaria. 

         4. Britain's control of egypt in the 1880s became the model of new imperialism 

      2. Major causes for the imperialism impulse

         1. Search for new markets and raw materials (economic) 

            1. The industrial revolution created a surplus of goods; capitalist sought new markets for goods (Africans were poor, Less then 1 percent of European trade) 

            2. New markets proved elusive as colonial peoples were too poor to purchase european goods

            3. France imported more goods from its colonies than it sold to them

               1. Examples of raw materials: ivory and rubber in the Congo, diamonds in south Africa, cocoa in Niger, tea in China and Ceylon (Sri Lanka), cotton from India, spice from Indonesia 

         2. Missionary work

            1. A storm current of religious revivalism in the mid 19th century occurred in western Europe

               1. Particularly strong among the middle class

               2. New emphasis on spreading christianity to Africa and Asia

            2. Missionary activities proved far more successful in sub - saharan African than in asia and Islamic North Africa 

            3. Dr David Livingston was the first white man to do humanitarian rand religious work in Africa and Asia. 

            4. HM Stanley found livingstone whom westerners thought to be dead and his newspaper reports created european interest in Africa; stanley sought aid of the king of  Belgium to dominate the Congo religion

         3. New military and naval bases to protect a countries imperial interests against other European powers

            1. Britain was concerned by French and German land grabs in the 1880s 

               1. Those countries might seal off their empires with high tariffs and restrictions; future economic opportunities might be lost forever

            2. Increased tensions emerged between the “haves” (e.g. british empire) and the “have nots” (e.g. Germany and Italy) who came in late to the imperialism competition 

         4. Ideology : nationalism and Social Darwinism 

            1. “Survival of the Fittest” ideology (Herbert Spencer) rationalize the conquest of weak countries by stronger, more civilized ones.   - justified why Europeans were taking over Africa and Asia which is because they were chosen and they were giving them a favor 

               1. It justified military superiority and conquest by europeans 

            2. White man’s burden: racist and patronizing view that preached that the “superior” westerners had an obligation to bring their culture to “uncivilized” peoples in other parts of the world

               1. Sought To protect and improve the lives of non Europeans

               2. This phrase was coined by Rudyard Kipling

            3. Germany and Russia especially sussed imperialism drives to divert popular attention from the class struggle at home and to create a false sene of national unity

   2. The “Scramble for Africa”

      1. In 1880, europeans controlled 10% of africa; by 1914, they controlled the continet except liberia and ethiopia 

         1. Penetration into the african interior began in the late 1870s when belgium took control of the Congo 

         2. Britains conquest of egypt in the early 1880s became the model fo the “ new imperialism” 

         3. The reason/causes for imperialism 

         4. The Berlin Conference in 1884 - 1885 established the rules among European powers for carving up africa 

      2. The congo became a colony of belgium : Belgian Congo 

         1. In 1884-85 the berlin conference recognized the region as the “congo free  state” and as Leopold's personal possession 

         2. The belgian rulers savagely treated the indigenous peoples in their quest for rubber and ivory 

         3. The belgian parliament horrified by revelations of atrocities in the Congo, took the personal colony away form Leopold in 1908 and made it a belgian colony

         4. Leopold's incursion into congo basin raised the question of the political fate of Black Africa  “What would happen to the center part of africa?”

      3. Britain's control of Egypt in 1883 became the model for the “new imperialism” 

         1. Turkish general Muhammad Ali (not the boxer) had made egypt into a strong and virtually independent state by 1849

         2. Egypts inability to satisfy foreign investors led to control of its finances by france and britain 

         3. In 1875 britain bought a significant portion of shares for the Suez Canal and began managing it

      4. In 1883 britain declared egypt a Protectorate, setting the stage for similar practices by other European powers 

         1. Protection of the Suez canal was a key motive in British occupation of Egypt and its bloody conquest of the Sudan 

         2. Britain claimed the protectorate would only be temporary

         3. Technically, Egypt was still part of the Ottoman Empire but britain actually controlled the country 

      5. Egypt remained a protectorate of great britain from 1883 until 1956

   3. Berlin Conference, 1884-85 established the “rules” for conquest of Africa

      1. Provisions 

         1. No imperial power could claim a territory in Africa unless it effectively controlled that territory

         2. Slavery and the salve trade in Africa was terminated 

      2. It sought to prevent international conflicts between European nations over the issue of imperialism

      3. Sponsored by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck and Jules Ferry; sought to prevent conflict over imperialism  - Germans were putting their name out: asserting their power

         1. The congress coincided with Germany’s rise as an imperial power and its desire to play Britain and France off each other 

      4. As a result, the “scramble for Africa” was on

         1. By 1914, all but two African countries had been conquered (Ethiopia and Liberia) 

4. The British Empire in Africa

   1. Britain prided itself on being the most enlightened of the imperialism powers (though its rule can still be considered oppressive) 

   2. Took control of egypt in 1883

   3. Sudan

      1. After taking control of egypt britain pushed southward to the sudan 

      2. Battle of omdurman killed 11,000 Sudanese with machine guns while only 28 Brits died 

      3. Fashoda incident of 1898 

         1. France and Britain nearly went to war over Sudan 

         2. France backed down (partly because it was in the midst of the dreyfus affair) 

      4. South Africa and the Boer War (1899-1902)

         1. Cecil rhodes had become prime minister of cape colony in south africa

            1. He was the principal sponsor of the cape to cairo dream where britain would dominate the African continent

         2. Diamonds and gold were discover Din Tei transversal region 

French Empire in Africa

1. Algeria

   1. Since 1830, the French and controlled Algeria in north africa

   2. The attack on french shipping by Barbary pirates aws used as a pretext for conquest

   3. Algeria remained under French control until the early 1960s, although the Algerians periodically conducted viable uprisings in the 19th century and after WWII

2. Tunisia

   1. 1881, France justified its annexation of Tunisia due to frequent raids into Algeria by tunisian rebels

   2. Tunisia became a French protectorate

   3. Britain abandoned its claims to Tunisia to the Berlin conference

3. Somaliland

   1.  (modern day Somalia) gave France territory on the east African coast

4. Madagascar 

   1. an island off the coast of east Africa seized by France in 1896

5. France controlled french west africa

Germany

1. Since germany was not unified until 1871, it was late to the imperialism gam compared to britain and france

   1. Prior to 1884, Bismarck had no t

   2. The berlin conference was organized by Bismarck and Jules Ferry top provide for a more orderly conquest of africa

      1. This guaranteed that germany would now be a major player in Africa

      2. Germany  thus set about establishing a number of small protectorates in Africa

   3. In 1884, germany took control of Cameroon and tToogland in west Africa

   4. In 1885, Germany formally claimed IDK

Italy

1. Italy was the late of the european powers to participate on the scramble for Africa

2. Eritrea on the red sea coast became Italy's frist colony in africa in the 1880s

3. In 1896 Italian forces were defeated trying to take Ethiopia

   1. Italy became the first European country to suffer a defeat by Africans 

   2. Mussolin sought to rectify this humiliating defeat and game for revenge 

The New Imperalism in Asia

1. China

   1. Opium**** wars with britain

      1. The increasing British trade of opium in China in the mid 19th century took a large toll on the chinese people

         1. The Chinese government demanded that britain  stop

         2. In the first Opium war Britain occupied several coastal cities nad forced them to surrender

         3. Treaty of Nanking

            1. Gave Hong Kong to Britain until 1997 

            2. Four treaty ports were opened do British trade including Chanton and Shanghai 

            3. British residents in China (and European visitors) were granted IDK 

         4. Second opium*** war

            1. China was forced to open six more ports to British and french trade immediately

      2. Taiping rebellion of 1850

      3. THe US demanded an “open door” to trade in china resulting in an agreement that the Imperialism powers in China would not interfere in any treaty port or the interests of another power 

      4. The Boxer Rebellion 1900

         1. Led by a Chinese secret society of nationalists the society of the righteous and harmonious fists, a rebellion in northern China killed European officials and sought to force out western and Japanese influence

         2. A multi national force put down the boxer rebellion

         3. In 1911, the manchu dynasty was overthrow and replaaced IDK 

      5. India was the Jewel of the British Empire

         1. The Mughal empire (controlled by muslims) fell apart in the 17th century

         2. After the 7 years war the British East India Company were given control of India nad was directly accountable to parliament

            1. Robert clive captured military posts in madras and England ousted france from India

         3. Sepoy Mutiny 1857-58 

            1. An insurrection of Hindu and Muslim soldiers in the british army spread in northern and central india before it was crushed, primarily by loyal native troops from Southern India

            2. Sepus had resented british taking direct control of Indian states

            3. The short term cause of the British use of animal fat to grease rifle cartridges which was not allowed by religion so they rebelled 

            4. Result: after 1858, India was ruled by Britain 

         4. British reforms in India

            1. A modern system of progressive secondary education (to train Indian civil servants) was developed

            2. Economic development 

               1. Irrigation projects

               2. Railroads: 25k miles built by 1900 

               3. India's cotton industry became the fourth largest in the world

               4. Tea trade development of jute plantations - 

            3. Britain created a unified and powerful Indian state

            4. Other British colonies in Asia

               1. Burma 

               2. Malay Peninsula

               3. North Borneo 

            5. France

               1. IIndochina

            6. GermanyL controlled the Marshall Islands and Samoa Islands in the south pacific

            7. Japan was the exception

               1. Took parts of china and Korea 

         5. The Russo japanese war russia nad japan both had designs on the manchuria nad korea

            1. The Japanese wer concerned about the Russian translate Siberian railway across manchuria

            2. Japan destroyed the russian fleet off coast of Korea had won major battles on land although russians turned the tide on land subsequently

            3. Weseterns wer horrid that Japan had defeat a major western power 

            4. The Treaty of Portsmouth by US president Roosevelt ended the war with Japan winning major concessions (prefered position in manchuria, a protectorate in korea, and half of Sakhalin Island

            5. Long term impact of the war

               1. Led to the russian revolution

               2. Rise of japan in asia 

   2. Opponents of imperialism

      1. Marx 

      2. Lenin

      3. Hobson