MarB 121 ICMRM

Module 1. Coastal Zone and Marine Ecosystem

Why do people live near the sea?

Coastal and Marine Environment in the Philippines

• 7,107 Islands and

• 1800+ MPA

• 123 Integrated Marine KBAs

• 78% Provinces lie in the coastline

• APEX of Coral triangle Region

• 43 NIPAS MPAs

• 3 Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas

• One of the 35 Hotspots

~37,000 km Coastline

What is a Coastal Area

an entity of land and water that is affected by the biological and physical processes of both the sea and the land
its geographic extent may include areas within a landmark limit of one kilometer from the shoreline at high tide to include mangrove swamps, brackish water ponds, nipa swamps, estuarine rivers, sandy beaches, and other areas within a seaward limit of 200-m isobath to include coral reefs, algal flats, seagrass beds, and other soft-bottom areas
Functionally… a broad interface between land and water where production, consumption and exchange processes occur at high rates of intensity.
Ecologically… an area of dynamic biochemical activity but with limited capacity for supporting various forms of human use.
Geographically… the outermost boundary is the extent to which land-based activities have a measurable influence on the chemistry of the water or the ecology or biota.

What is Marine Area Ecosystem ?

aquatic environments with high levels of dissolved salt
these include the open ocean, the deep-sea ocean, and coastal marine ecosystems, each of which have different physical and biological characteristics

Coastal Governance

Different government institutions are responsible for marine and coastal areas
Some areas (high seas) may be under no government
Inshore areas may be under more than one level of government (district, city,
province, etc.)
Conflict and uncertainty over responsibility for coastal management are commonplace

Territorial Sea- 12 nM : Territorial sea is a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) from the baseline (usually the mean low-water mark) of a coastal state.
Contiguous Zone- 24nM : is a band of water extending farther from the outer edge of the territorial sea to up to 24 nautical miles (44.4 km; 27.6 mi) from the baseline. Inside, a state can exercise limited control to prevent or punish "infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea".
Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ)- High Seas 200nM : Sovereign rights for exploring, exploiting,conserving and managing living and non living resources of the water,seabed,and subsoil. It gives access to surplus allowable catch.
Continental Shelf-beyond 200 nM :Sovereign rights for exploring, exploiting non-living resources of seabed and subsoil, plus sedentary species

The Coastal Zone and the Coastal Resource System

“interdependence of the terrestrial environment, marine environment, and human activities”

Coastal Zone: Terrestrial and Marine Environment

Human Activities: affects Coastal Zones

The Value Of Coastal Areas

Ecological Services : important to local communities

Physical Structure Services : shoreline protection , promote growth of mangrove & Seagrass
Biotic Services : (within ecosystem) Biological/Biodiversity Maintenance,Regulation of Ecosystem Processes and Functions ; (between ecosystems) Biological support(mobile links), Export of organic production
Biogeochemical Services : Waste Assimilation
Information Services
Social and Cultural Services : Support Recreation,Tourism

Philippines

World's center of marine biodiversity
Belong to coral Triangle
47/80 Mangrove species
18/72 Seagrass species
1065 seaweed taxa; 104 new record
79/244 Protected Areas have Coastal Resources
29 EDGE Coral Species
77 MKBAs
Home to 5/7 Marine turtle species in the world
- Loggerhead
- Green
- Hawksbill
- Leatherback
- Olive Ridley
Coral Reef Status : 1-5-53-41
- Excellent: > 1% (est)
- Good: 5%
- Fair: 53%
- Poor: 41%
Total Territorial Waters
- 2,206,446 km²
Total Coastline Length
- 212,516km²
Total Area of MPA
- 30,805.78 km²
- 1.40% of total Marine Area
Total Coral Reef Area
- 30,133.75 km²
- 2nd Largest Contiguous Coral reef in the world

Coral Triangle

High Biodiversity allows the environment to adapt to CLIMATE CHANGE!

What is MPA?

Marine Protected Area

Any area specially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of natural and associated cultural resources & managed through legal and other effective means.
protect vulnerable species and ecosystems
Conserve biodiversity and minimize extinction risk
Reestablish ecosystem integrity
Segregate uses to avoid users conflict
Enhance productivity of fish and Marine invertebrate population

Coastal and Marine Resources Areas in Ph

Coral Reefs
- 796,00 ha (municipal waters)
- 65,267 ha (within NIPAS MPAs) 8.2 %
Mangrove Forests
- 303,373 ha (territorial season)
- 96,661 ha (within NIPAS MPAs) 31.9%
Seagrass Beds
- 490,920 ha (territorial seas)
- 53,929 ha (within NIPAS MPAs) 11%

Status of Philippine Coastal & Marine Areas

Seagrass 1-6-12-11
- Excellent: 1 MPA : Murcielagos Island
- Good: 6 MPA : Albuquerque,Talibon, Batanes,Ticau Burias, Palaui Island,Masinloc
- Fair: 12 MPA : Panglao,Tañon,Cuatro Islas, Guiuan, Pujada Bay,Saranggani ,Siargao,Malabungot,Bongsalay,Biri,Larosa,Dumanquillas,Great & Little Sta. Cruz
- Poor: 11MPA : LPPCHEA,Ph Rise, Tubbataha, Apo Reef, Agoo,Peñablanca,Mabini,Aliguay, TTWS, Selinog,Initao
Coral Reefs 7-4-12-12
- Excellent: 7 MPA : Cuatro Islas, Sagay ,Dumanquillas,Aliguay,Selinog,Mabini,Ph Rise
- Good:4 MPA: Tubbataha, Tañon,Apo Island, TTWS
- Fair: 12 MPA: Albuquerque,Panglao, Guiuan, Murcielagos, Initao,Pujada, VIP, Saranggani,Palaui,Malabungot,
  Ticau, Bongsanglay,
- Poor: 12 MPA: LPPCHEA,Batanes,Agoo,Masinloc, Apo Reef,Olango,Talibon,Camotes, Biri,Larosa, Great & Little Sta. Cruz,Siargao,Baliangao

NIPAS - National Integrated Protected Area System

- 30 POs assisted