General Toxicology Study Notes

General Toxicology – Test A

1. Hepatotoxic Substances

Definition: Hepatotoxic substances are known to harm the liver.
  - a. Oxygen Transport Inhibition: Substances such as Hydrocyanic Acid (HCN), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Aniline inhibit the oxygen transport.
  - b. Immune Response Suppression: Compounds like Benzene, PCBs, and Dioxins suppress immune reactions.
  - c. Manifestations:
    - Cirrhosis (e.g., due to ethanol)
    - Necrosis (e.g., due to ethanol and white phosphorus)
    - Toxic hepatitis (e.g., due to ethanol, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and medications)

2. Absorption in the Stomach

Better Absorption For:
  - a. Weak bases
  - b. Strong acids
  - c. Weak acids

3. Absorption of Cadmium Compounds (Correct 2 Answers)

a. Causes Multi-system Damage: Results in osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and bone fragility; disrupts calcium metabolism (increased excretion of Ca).
b. Depends on Compound Solubility: Cadmium absorption is influenced by the presence of ions such as Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺.
c. No Chronic Effect on Cardiac Activity:
d. No Proven Chronic Pulmonary Toxicity:
e. No Effect on Menopause in Women:

4. Absorption in the Small Intestine

Better Absorption For:
  - a. Strong acids and bases
  - b. Weak bases
  - c. Weak acids

5. Genotoxic Carcinogens (Mutagens)

a. Description: Directly react and damage DNA; about 80% of carcinogens exert effects this way.
b. Non-DNA Reactors: Do not react with DNA but have direct influence on enzymatic, hormonal, or immune systems.
c. React With Enzymes and Proteins:

6. Chronic Exposure Definition

Time Interval:
  - a. 3-6 weeks
  - b. 3 weeks
  - c. 3 months or more, years
  - d. 1-3 months
  - e. Within three months

7. Fibrogenic Substances Damaging the Lungs

Causing Lung Fibrosis (Restrictive Lung Disease):
  - a. Cigarette smoke
  - b. Asbestos, coal dust, quartz dust
  - c. Toluene, epoxides
  - d. Acetylene, CO

8. Toxicity of Fluoride Ion (Correct 2 Answers)

a. Sodium fluoride is classified as non-toxic when inhaled (dust, aerosol) or ingested.
b. Strong Corrosive Effects: Local necrosis penetrates cells.
c. Chronic high concentrations of fluoride have a beneficial effect on human teeth.
d. Toxic Effects: Caused by binding with calcium cations (Ca²⁺), which leads to the formation of insoluble CaF₂, resulting in hypocalcemia.

9. Toxicity of Mercury and Its Compounds (Correct 2 Answers)

a. Unknown Effects on the Nervous System: Mercury is not neurotoxic.
b. Unknown Significant Effects:
c. Methylmercury is highly neurotoxic and characterized by the phenomenon known as molecular mimicry (binding of methyl mercury to cysteine).
d. Influenced by Form and Oxidation State: Organic mercury compounds are more toxic than inorganic forms.

10. Toxic Effects of Barium Compounds (Salts)

Depends on Solubility: Example: Barium sulfate is insoluble and non-toxic, while barium chloride is soluble and highly toxic.

11. Nephrotoxic Substances

Mainly Include:
  - a. Ethanol, methanol, aldehydes, ketones
  - b. Digitalis alkaloids
  - c. Ions of Pd, Cd, Hg, and ethylene glycol

12. Toxicity of Aluminum Compounds

a. Depends on Form: Simple dissolved monomeric forms and ions are less toxic than complex forms.
b. Does not depend on form.
c. More Toxic Form: Simple dissolved monomeric forms and ions are more toxic than complex forms.

13. Myelinopathy

a. Due to Axon Degeneration: Caused by organophosphates, CS2, ethanol, ethylene glycol, acrylamide, arsenic.
b. Caused by Exposure to Organometal Compounds: Lead, toluene, benzene, xylene, trichloroethylene.
c. Often due to Anoxia: Lack of air and insufficient oxygen supply to nerve cells (e.g., CO, CN, H₂S).

14. Neuropathy and Gliocyte Death

Direct Damage:
  - a. Often due to anoxia and insufficient oxygen supply (e.g., CO, CN, H₂S).
  - b. Due to myelinopathy by organometal compounds (lead, toluene, benzene, xylene, trichloroethylene).
  - c. Due to axon degeneration (organophosphates, CS2, ethanol, ethylene glycol, acrylamide, arsenic).

15. Mechanism of Toxic Action of Phosgene (COCl₂)

a. Very slow dissolution in fats; forms CO₂ and HCl in the lungs, leading to pulmonary edema.
b. Very slow dissolution in water; forms CO₂ and HCl in the lungs, leading to pulmonary edema.
c. Not fully clarified and results in pulmonary edema.

16. Hepatic Necrosis

Mainly a Result of Acute Exposure:
  - a. Phosphorus, carbon tetrachloride, aniline, Amanita phalloides.
  - b. Halothane (CF₃-CHBrCl), methoxyflurane (CHCl₂-CF₂-O-CH₃), chloroform.
  - c. Aflatoxins.
  - d. Steroid hormones.
  - e. Saline solution.

17. Toxicity of Chromium and Its Compounds

a. Toxicity of Cr³⁺ ions is the same as for Cr⁶⁺.
b. Toxicity of Cr³⁺ ions is lower than for Cr⁶⁺.
c. Toxicity of Cr³⁺ ions is higher than for Cr⁶⁺.

18. Distribution and Transport Rates Depend On

a. Age, sex.
b. Weight, body constitution, sex.
c. Organ perfusion, solubility of substances, tissue affinity of compounds, relative molecular weight.

19. Carbonyl Hemoglobin Formation

Results from Binding:
  - a. CN group to hemoglobin.
  - b. O₂ molecules to hemoglobin.
  - c. CO₂ molecules to hemoglobin.
  - d. CO molecules to hemoglobin.

20. LC₅₀ Means

a. Lethal Dose.
b. Lethal Concentration.
c. Effective Concentration.
d. Inhibition Concentration.
e. Effective Dose.

21. Chloracne is Mainly Caused By

a. Inorganic acids and bases.
b. PCBs, dioxins, chlordane.
c. Organometal compounds such as Sn, P.

22. Toxicity of Zinc

a. Insoluble zinc compounds are corrosive and have emetic effects.
b. Inhalation of aerosols and fine dust containing high amounts of Zinc leads to "Metal Fume Fever" and respiratory injury, pneumonia, and pulmonary edema.

23. Toxicity of Zinc (Correct 2 Answers)

a. Toxicity is significantly influenced by the varying oxidation states of zinc.
b. Inhalation of aerosols and fine dust containing high amounts of Zinc causes "Metal Fume Fever."
c. Soluble zinc compounds are corrosive and have emetic effects.

24. Thallium

a. Highly toxic in ionic form (e.g., sulfate) and has strong cardiotoxic effects.
b. Not suspected of carcinogenicity and teratogenicity.
c. Highly toxic in ionic form (e.g., sulfate) and has strong depilatory effects.

25. Phototoxicity Results From Radiation and Chemical Substances (Correct 2 Answers)

a. Interaction of UVC (100-280 nm) with chemical substances on the skin (furanocoumarins, dyes, PAHs).
b. Interaction of UVC (280-400 nm) with chemical substances on the skin (furanocoumarins, dyes, PAHs).
c. Interaction of UVB and UVC radiation with the skin.
d. Phototoxicity is an amplified, quantitatively altered skin reaction to sunlight in combination with local or systemic application of photoactive substances.

26. Toxicity of Copper (Blue Vitriol)

a. Nephrotoxic, hematotoxic, hepatotoxic, and algicidal.
b. Pulmotoxic, hematotoxic, dermatotoxic, and algicidal.

27. Lead Ions (Correct 2 Answers)

a. Have no influence on the organism.
b. Do not cross the placental and blood-brain barriers.
c. Capable of competition/interference with Ca²⁺ and Fe²⁺ ions (replacement).
d. Half-life for elimination from bones is on the order of several weeks.
e. Half-life for elimination from bones is around 20 years due to accumulation.

28. Cyanide Ions

a. Form Cyanhemoglobin, which is dark red.
b. Form Cyanhemoglobin, which is bright red.

29. Absorption of Water-Soluble Substances

a. Primarily occurs in the upper respiratory tract (SO₂, NH₃) and is irritating.
b. Primarily occurs in both upper and lower respiratory tracts (SO₂, NH₃) and is irritating.
c. Primarily occurs in the lower respiratory tract (SO₂, NH₃) and is irritating.

30. Asphyxiants (Suffocating) Substances Damaging the Lungs Include Mainly

a. N₂, H₂, CH₄, butane, propane-butane, CO, CN, H₂S.
b. Chloroform, trichloroethylene.
c. Nitrobenzene, arsine.
d. NH₃, SO₂, O₃, phosgene.
e. Asbestos, coal dust.

31. The Gastric Mucosa Absorbs Well

a. Ionized compounds.
b. Lipophilic compounds.
c. Substances insoluble in water and lipids.

32. Irritants are Substances With an Effect on the Lungs

a. Suffocating.
b. Carcinogens.
c. Damaging blood formation.
d. Irritating.

33. Compounds like chloride, hypochlorite, nitrate, acetate, and barium carbonate Cause Inflammatory Disease of the Brain

True/False:
- a. True
- b. False

34. Interaction Types

a. Additive Effect: Increased toxicity (1+1 = 2).
b. Synergistic Effect: Increased toxicity (1+1 = 10).

35. Arsenic Compounds Insoluble in Water Have Higher Acute Toxicity

True/False:
- a. True
- b. False

36. Toxicity Curve Description

A graphical representation of the effect against dose (S-curve) expressing the relationship between dose size and the percentage of individuals in a population that exhibit the observed effect.

37. Arsenic Ions

a. Symptoms do not manifest at all.
b. From a toxicological perspective, this element and its compounds are insignificant.
c. Accumulate in skin, hair, nails ("Mee’s nails"), lungs, and are primarily excreted in urine in methylated form.
d. Not considered toxic.

38. Allergic Contact Dermatitis is Mainly Caused by

a. CrVI, as well as salts of Ni, Pd, Co, elemental Ni.
b. Organometal compounds of Sn, P.
c. Inorganic acids and bases.

39. The Affinity of Carbon Monoxide to Hemoglobin

a. About 250 times higher than to oxygen.
b. About 100 times higher than to oxygen.
c. Roughly the same as to oxygen.

40. Arsenic Compounds As5+ Have Carcinogenic Effects, Especially Skin and Lung Cancer Compared to As3+

True/False:
- a. True
- b. False

General Toxicology – Test B

1. Absorption of Water-Soluble Substances

a. Primarily occurs in the upper respiratory tract (SO₂, NH₃) and is irritating.
b. Primarily occurs in both upper and lower respiratory tracts (SO₂, NH₃) and is irritating.
c. Primarily occurs in the lower respiratory tract (SO₂, NH₃) and is irritating.

2. Absorption in the Small Intestine

Better Absorption For:
  - a. Strong acids and bases.
  - b. Weak bases.
  - c. Weak acids.

3. Thallium

a. Highly toxic in ionic form (e.g., sulfate) and has strong cardiotoxic effects.
b. Not suspected of carcinogenicity and teratogenicity.
c. Highly toxic in ionic form (e.g., sulfate) and has strong depilatory effects.

4. Neurotransmission Disruption description (Correct 3 Answers)

a. Ethylene glycol.
b. Lead, trichloroethylene.
c. Organophosphates (pesticides), cocaine, atropine, DDT.
d. Signal transmission disruption.
e. Tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin, batrachotoxin.

5. Selenium and Its Compounds

a. Highly toxic to organisms in soil environment.
b. Highly toxic to organisms in aquatic environment.
c. Highly toxic to all organisms in all environments.

6. Neuron Death (Neuropathy) and Gliocyte Death is Direct Damage

a. Often due to anoxia (lack of air) and insufficient oxygen supply to nerve cells (e.g., CO, CN, H₂S).
b. Caused by myelinopathy (organometal compounds Sn, toluene, benzene, xylene, trichloroethylene).
c. Caused by axon degeneration (organophosphates, CS2, ethanol, ethylene glycol, acrylamide, arsenic).

7. Oxidation State of Arsenic Influences Toxicity of As Compounds As follows

a. Compounds with oxidation state 5 are more toxic than those with oxidation state 3.
b. Compounds with oxidation state 3 are more toxic than those with oxidation state 5.
c. Compounds with oxidation state 3 are equally toxic to those with oxidation state 5.

8. Lipid-Soluble Substances

a. Easily penetrate skin and mucous membranes, easily accumulate in tissues, often neurotoxic.
b. Penetrate mucous membranes but do not accumulate in organisms.
c. Do not penetrate mucous membranes and do not accumulate in organisms.

9. Chloracne is Mainly Caused By

a. PCBs, dioxins, chlordane.
b. Organometal compounds Sn, P.
c. Inorganic acids and bases.

10. Hepatotoxic Substances

a. Oxygen transport inhibition (HCN, CO, aniline).
b. Suppression of immune response (benzene, PCB, dioxins).
c. Manifestations include cirrhosis (ethanol), necrosis (ethanol, white phosphorus), toxic hepatitis (ethanol, chlorinated hydrocarbons, medications).

11. Toxic Effect of Barium Compounds (Salts)

a. Depends on lipophilicity.
b. Depends on the organism's condition.
c. Depends on solubility.

12. Sodium Fluoride and Potassium Fluoride are

a. Protoplasmic poisons.
b. Mitochondrial poisons.

13. Chronic Exposure is the Action of Substances within

a. Up to three months.
b. 3 months or more, years.
c. 3 weeks.
d. 1-3 months.
e. 3-6 weeks.

14. Nitrates and Nitrites

a. Cause reduced hemoglobin resulting in methemoglobinemia.
b. Cause oxidation of hemoglobin leading to cyanhemoglobinemia.
c. Cause reduction of hemoglobin resulting in cyanhemoglobinemia.
d. Cause oxidation of hemoglobin leading to methemoglobinemia.

15. Mechanism of Toxic Action of Phosgene (COCl₂)

a. Very slow dispersal in fats, producing CO₂ and HCl, resulting in pulmonary edema.
b. Very slow dispersal in water, producing CO₂ and HCl in the lungs, resulting in pulmonary edema.
c. Not fully clarified; leads to pulmonary edema.

16. Toxicity of Fluoride Ion (Correct 2 Answers)

a. Sodium fluoride is classified as non-toxic whether inhaled (dust, aerosol) or ingested.
b. Strong corrosive effects - local necrosis; penetrates cells.
c. Chronic high concentrations of fluoride have beneficial effects on human teeth.
d. Toxic effects of fluorides are due to binding with calcium cations (Ca²⁺).

17. Which Substance is More Toxic

a. Substance A is equally toxic as substance B.
b. Substance B is more toxic than substance A.
c. Substance A is more toxic than substance B.

18. Rate of Elimination is Influenced by

a. Elimination half-life of the substance (biological half-life).
b. Cannot be influenced.
c. Nature of the substance (e.g., lipophilicity, metal ions) and molecular weight of the substances and their metabolites.

19. Arsenic Compounds As5+ are Characterized by Carcinogenic Effects

True/False:
- a. True
- b. False

20. Toxicity of Mercury and its Compounds (Correct 2 Answers)

a. Influenced by form and oxidation state; organic mercury compounds are more toxic than inorganic forms.
b. Mercury vapors and ions are not toxic.
c. Methylmercury is strongly neurotoxic and characterized by the phenomenon of molecular mimicry (binding to cysteine).
d. No significant effects are known.
e. No effects on the nervous system (not neurotoxic).

21. Irritants are Substances with Effects on the Lungs

a. Suffocating.
b. Carcinogens.
c. Damaging blood formation.
d. Irritating.

22. Toxicology of Lead and its Compounds

a. Soluble compounds are very toxic (neurotoxicity, hematotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity).
b. All compounds are very toxic (neurotoxicity, hematotoxicity, reproductive, and developmental toxicity).

23. Neuronopathy is (Correct 2 Answers)

a. Organometal compounds resulting in mercury and methanol.
b. Death of neurons and gliocytes due to anoxia (e.g., CO, NO₂, CN⁻, H₂S).
c. Organophosphates.
d. Ethylene glycol.
e. Carbon disulfide.

24. Myelinopathy is (Correct 2 Answers)

a. Curare, atropine.
b. Toluene, CS₂, benzene, styrene, xylene, trichloroethylene.
c. Amphetamine, codeine.
d. Demyelination of neurons and axons.

25. Absorption in the Stomach is Better for

a. Strong acids and bases.
b. Weak acids.
c. Weak bases.

26. Rate of Distribution and Transport Depends On

a. Organ perfusion, solubility of substance, tissue affinity of substances, relative molecular weight.
b. Age, sex.
c. Weight, body constitution, sex.

27. Immunosuppressive Substances are (Correct 2 Answers)

a. Limit or prevent the activity of the immune system.
b. Animal and vegetable fats.
c. Drugs (e.g., corticosteroids), PCBs, TCDD, PCDF.
d. Amino acids.

28. Allergic Contact Dermatitis is Mainly Caused by

a. CrVI, salts of Ni, Pd, Co, elemental Ni.
b. Organometal compounds Sn, P.
c. Inorganic acids and bases.

29. Toxicity Curve Description

Indicates the relationship between dose and effect (often S-shaped). LD₅₀ (median lethal dose) is monitored.

30. Pulmonary Edema is Mainly Caused By

a. Metal fume fever (inhalation of hot metal vapors).
b. Chlorine, phosgene, difosgene, chloropicrin, 1,4-butanediol.
c. Water and dissolved ions.

31. Carbonyl Hemoglobin Formation

Results from Binding:
  - a. CN group to hemoglobin.
  - b. O₂ molecules to hemoglobin.
  - c. CO₂ molecules to hemoglobin.
  - d. CO molecules to hemoglobin.

32. Genotoxic Carcinogens (Mutagens)

a. Directly react and damage DNA; about 80% of carcinogens work this way.
b. Do not react with DNA and have a direct effect on enzymatic, hormonal or immune systems.
c. Directly react with enzymes and proteins in the organism.

33. Arsenic Ions

a. Symptoms do not manifest at all.
b. From a toxicological standpoint, this element and its compounds are insignificant.
c. Accumulate in skin, hair, nails ("Mee’s nails"), lungs, and are mainly excreted in urine in methylated form.
d. Not considered toxic.

34. Toxicity of Zinc (Correct 2 Answers)

a. Toxicity is significantly influenced by various oxidation states of zinc.
b. Inhalation of aerosols and fine dust with high zinc content leads to