Teas
absolute difference – The absolute value of the difference of two numbers
acid – A substance with a pH less than 7
activation energy – The minimum energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction
active immunity – Protection against a specific pathogen resulting from the production of antibodies in response to the presence of specific antigens
active transport – Movement across a cell membrane that travels against the concentration gradient and thus requires energy
adaptive defense – A specific response by the immune system to a given pathogen
adaptive immune system – A kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigen are present in the body
addition – Calculation of a total of two or more numbers
adhesiveness – A measure of how well dissimilar particles or surfaces cling to one another
adjective – Word or phrase that describes or modifies a noun
adrenal – A gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions
adverb – Word or phrase that describes or modifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb
affix – Letters placed at the beginning or end of a word or word part to modify its meaning
algebraic equation – A mathematical sentence that includes one or more variables
allele – A specific copy of a gene
allergies – An immune response to a foreign agent that is not a pathogen
alveoli – Tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
amino acids – The monomers that make up proteins
anaphase – The stage in mitosis in which the chromosomes are pulled apart to the poles and cell division begins
anaphase I – The stage in meiosis I in which homologous chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell
anaphase II – The stage in meiosis II in which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
anatomical position – Standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together; arms to the side; with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward
anecdote – A short story that illustrates a concept or point and creates a connection between the author and reader
anion – A negatively charged ion
antagonist – The relaxed muscle in the pair of muscles that is involved in a given movement
antibody – A blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen
antidiuretic hormone – A secretion from the pituitary gland that increases the amount of water able to be reabsorbed from a collecting duct
antigen-presenting cell – A cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces
antigens – Substances on the surfaces of agents that act to identify them, to the body, as being native or foreign
antimicrobial – A substance that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms with minimal damage to the host
anus – The opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled
apocrine sweat gland – Accessory structures of the dermis that are in physical association with hair follicles, producing a secretion with an odor (possibly a sex pheromone to humans)
apostrophe – Punctuation mark that denotes possessive case or omission of letters
area – The amount of space inside a two-dimensional boundary
argument – A type of text consisting of a claim on a debatable issue, background information, reasoning and evidence, rhetorical appeals, counterclaims, and responses to counterclaims
arteries – Vessels that carry blood away from the heart toward other body parts
assumption – Supposition of an unstated idea
asthma – A lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing
atom – The fundamental constituent of matter that retains the properties of an element. It is the smallest unit that has a unique identity
atomic mass – The sum of the masses of protons and neutrons in one atom of an element
atomic number – The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
audience – The intended consumers of information
authorial intent – The reason an author creates a text; also called the author’s purpose
autoimmune disease – A pathology that results from the immune system mistaking part of the body as a pathogen
autonomic nervous system – The part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates unconscious body functions such as breathing and heart rate
axis – A reference line for measurement of coordinates
axon – A nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body
B cells – Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens
bacteria – Unicellular organisms that are capable of causing disease
ball-and-socket joints – Point of articulation that allows for abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation. The hip socket is one example of a ball and socket joint
bar graph – A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to represent quantities
base – A substance with a pH greater than 7
bias – Tendency toward or against a preconceived idea
bimodal – Describes a distribution of data with two clear peaks
bivariate – Containing two variables
blog – A website that is usually informal and independently run
bolus – A mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed
bone – Hard, calcified material that makes up the skeleton
bone marrow – A soft material within spongy bone and medullary cavity of long bones
brainstorming – Discussing as a group to create an idea or solve a problem
brittle bone disease (osteogenesis imperfecta) – A group of diseases that affect collagen and result in fragile bones
bronchioles – Small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli
buffer – A solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. Buffers maintain the proper pH of the body
🔬 Science – 25 Flashcards
Photosynthesis – Process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose)
Mitochondria – The powerhouse of the cell; site of ATP production
Hypothesis – Testable explanation for a scientific observation
Independent Variable – The variable changed by the experimenter
Dependent Variable – The variable measured in an experiment
Control Group – The group in an experiment that does not receive the test treatment
Diffusion – Movement of particles from high to low concentration
Osmosis – Diffusion of water across a membrane
Newton’s First Law – An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an outside force
Newton’s Second Law – Force = mass × acceleration (F=ma)
Newton’s Third Law – Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
pH Scale – Measures acidity or basicity (0–14)
Enzyme – Protein that speeds up chemical reactions
DNA – Molecule carrying genetic information
RNA – Molecule that helps in protein synthesis
Plate Tectonics – Theory explaining the movement of Earth’s plates
Ecosystem – Community of organisms interacting with their environment
Producer – Organism that makes its own food (plants)
Consumer – Organism that eats other organisms
Decomposer – Organism that breaks down dead matter
Evaporation – Process of liquid turning into gas
Condensation – Process of gas turning into liquid
Precipitation – Rain, snow, sleet, or hail falling from the sky
Genotype – Genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype – Physical traits of an organism
✏ English – 25 Flashcards
Noun – Person, place, thing, or idea
Verb – Action or state of being
Adjective – Describes a noun
Adverb – Describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb
Pronoun – Word that replaces a noun
Preposition – Shows relationship between words (in, on, under)
Conjunction – Connects words or clauses (and, but, or)
Interjection – Short exclamation (Wow!, Oh no!)
Subject – Who or what the sentence is about
Predicate – Tells what the subject does/is
Simple Sentence – Has one independent clause
Compound Sentence – Two independent clauses joined by a conjunction
Complex Sentence – Independent + dependent clause
Fragment – Incomplete sentence
Run-on Sentence – Two or more sentences joined incorrectly
Subject-Verb Agreement – Verb matches subject in number
Active Voice – Subject performs the action
Passive Voice – Subject receives the action
Homophone – Words that sound the same but have different meanings (their/there/they’re)
Synonym – Word with similar meaning
Antonym – Word with opposite meaning
Simile – Comparison using “like” or “as”
Metaphor – Direct comparison without “like” or “as”
Hyperbole – Exaggeration for effect
Personification – Giving human qualities to nonhuman things
📖 Reading – 25 Flashcards
Main Idea – The most important point in a text
Supporting Details – Evidence or facts that explain the main idea
Theme – Central message or moral of a story
Tone – Author’s attitude toward the subject
Mood – Feeling the reader gets from the text
Inference – Conclusion based on evidence and reasoning
Prediction – Guess about what will happen next
Author’s Purpose – Reason for writing (inform, persuade, entertain)
Point of View – Perspective from which the story is told
First Person – Narrator is in the story (“I”)
Third Person Limited – Narrator knows one character’s thoughts
Third Person Omniscient – Narrator knows all characters’ thoughts
Text Structure – How a text is organized (cause/effect, compare/contrast)
Cause and Effect – One event causes another
Compare and Contrast – Shows similarities and differences
Chronological Order – Events in time sequence
Problem and Solution – Issue is presented and resolved
Fact – Statement that can be proven true
Opinion – Statement based on beliefs or feelings
Bias – Favoring one side over another
Foreshadowing – Hinting at events to come
Flashback – Scene from the past
Symbolism – Using objects to represent ideas
Imagery – Descriptive language appealing to senses
Irony – When reality is different from what is expected