Lower Limb Complete , Adil Bandok

Skeleton of the Lower Limb

  • Pelvis: Hip Bone

  • Thigh: Femur

  • Knee: Patella

  • Leg:

    • Tibia

    • Fibula

  • Foot:

    • Tarsal: 7

    • Metatarsal: 5

    • Phalanges: 14

HIP BONE

  • Type: Irregular bone

  • Parts: Formed of 3 parts

    1. Ilium

    2. Pubis

    3. Ischium

Ilium Features

  • Key landmarks:

    • Anterior superior iliac spine

    • Posterior superior iliac spine

    • Greater sciatic notch

    • Acetabulum

  • Gluteal Lines:

    • Posterior gluteal line

    • Middle gluteal line

    • Inferior gluteal line

Articulations of Hip Bone

  1. Pubic symphysis: Secondary cartilaginous joint

  2. Sacrum: Sacroiliac joint (Plane synovial joint)

  3. Femur: Hip joint (Ball and socket synovial joint)

Femur Characteristics

  • Length: 45 cm

  • Upper end: Head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters

  • Lower end: Two condyles (medial and lateral)

  • Shaft: 3 borders (medial, lateral, posterior) and 3 surfaces (anterior, posterior-medial, posterior-lateral)

Knee Joint

  • Type: Synovial joint; Condylar

  • Articular surfaces: Femoral condyles + Tibial condyles + Patella

  • Accessory ligaments: Tibial (collateral) and Fibular (collateral) ligaments

Tibia and Fibula

  • Tibia: Medial bone; contains 2 ends and a shaft.

  • Fibula: Lateral bone; similar structure to tibia.

Muscles Attaching to the Lower Limb

  • Quadriceps: Main extensor of knee;

  • Hamstrings: Flex knee and extend hip;

  • Adductor Muscles: Adduct the hip.

Superficial and Deep Fascia

  • Fascia lata: Contains the iliotibial tract and encases a majority of the thigh muscles.

  • Saphenous opening: Site where the great saphenous vein exits.

Vascular Supply

  • Femoral artery: Main artery supplying the lower limb.

  • Popliteal artery: Continuation of femoral artery behind the knee.

  • Posterior and Anterior tibial arteries: supply the tibia and fibula respectively.

Nerve Supply

  • Femoral nerve: Supplies the anterior compartment muscles.

  • Obturator nerve: Supplies medial compartment muscles.

  • Sciatic nerve: Supplies the posterior compartment muscles.

Lymphatic Drainage

  • Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes: Drain lower limb skin.

  • Deep Inguinal Lymph Nodes: Drain deep structures of the limb.