E-TECH - REVIEWER
E TECH REVIEWER
(LESSON 1) Understanding ICT and Its Relevance to Society
ICT - information, communications and technology.
INFORMATION
✔Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study, or research.
✔Some of the tools that transmit information are the telephones, televisions, and radio.
COMMUNICATION
✔ Communication is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process in which formation is exchanged between individuals through verbal and non-verbal mean.
TECHNOLOGY
✔ Technology has evolved in ways that improved people’s daily activities.
✔ Technology has made communications easier and faster through telephones, fax, machines, mobile devices, and the internet✔ It has also made broadcasting of information, such as news or weather reports, more effective.
ICT - Is any Information and Communications Technology that helps us to find, process and communicate information.
COMPONENTS OF ICT
*PEOPLE – Individuals responsible for the development, improvement, and maintenance of an ICT system
*PROCESS - Actions performed in a certain order and conditions to make sure an ICT system runs smooth.
*HARDWARE - Technical term used to describe physical or tangible parts of a computer system
**Examples of Hardware
Desktop, Computers, Laptops, Tablets, Smartphones
*SOFTWARE - Generic term for computer programs and applications installed in your hardware. Responsible for providing sets of instructions that the computer has to follow to accomplish a specific task.
**Examples of Software
Word processing app, Spreadsheets, Graphic manipulation, software, Antivirus software, Computer games, Operating systems
*DATA - Raw facts or figures that can be processed, stored, and transmitted by an ICT system
*INFORMATION - Result of processed, organized, and structured data
THE INTERNET & THE WORLD WIDE WEB
INTERNET - The internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. It connects millions of computers together globally.
WORLD WIDE WEB
A way of accessing information over the medium of the internet.
The web uses the HTTP protocol, only on of the languages spoken over the Internet, to transmit data.
HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol - the foundation of data communication for the WWW.
HISTORY OF THE INTERNET
ROBERT KHAN - Invented the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
VINT CERF - Considered as one of the founders of the internet
THE WEB
Invented by the English scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.
By 1996 it became the mostly read-only
web with 250,000 sites and 45 million
global users.
VERSIONS OF THE WEB
WEB 1.0
- Its introductory release which has limited interaction between sites and web users.
- From 1995 to 2000 the web is simply an information portal where netizens cannot post reviews, comments or give feedbacks
- Collection of Static website that was unable to support interactive content.
WEB 2.0
- Able to facilitate communication between web users and sites.
- It encourages the participation, collaboration and information sharing of netizens and the web.
WEB 2.0 KEY FEATURES
FOLKSONOMY – allows the users to categorize and classify/arrange information using freely chosen keywords (tagging) which start with pound sign (#), referred to as hashtag.
RICH USER EXPERIENCE / INTERFACE – contents are dynamic and responsive to the user’s input. It provides pleasant looking web pages to the user or the enhanced GUI (Graphical User Interface).
USER PARTICIPATION – it allows the users to participate among online topics / forums, comment / critic / review a specific product or article.
LONG TAIL – services are offered rather than on alone-time purchase. This is synonymous to subscribing to a certain plan that charges you for the services that you are enjoying. (example: Monthly subscription of Spotify )
WEB 3.0
- It has dynamic applications, interactive services, and “machine-to-machine” interaction.
- The computers can now interpret information like humans and intelligently generate and distribute useful contents that fits to the needs of the user.
TYPES OF SOCIAL MEDIA
SOCIAL NETWORKS - Sites that allow you to connect with other people with same interests and backgrounds. (example: Facebook and Google+)
SOCIAL NEWS - Sites that allow you to post your own news items or links to other news sources. (example: reddit and Digg)
BOOKMARKING SITES - Sites that allow you to store and mage links to various websites and resources. (example: StumbleUpon and Pinterest)
BLOGS & FORUMS - Websites that allow users to post their own content (example: Blogger, Wordpress, Tumblr)
MEDIA SHARING - Sites that allow you to upload and share media content like images, music, and video. (example: Flicker, YouTube, and Instagram)
MICROBLOGGING - Sites that focus on short updates from the user (example: Twitter and Plurk)
MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES
iOS - A mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. and distributed exclusively for Apple hardware.
ANDROID - An open source operating system developed by Google.
ASSISTIVE MEDIA - A nonprofit service designed to help people who have visual and reading impairments as well as cognitive, physical, and communication disabilities.
(Lesson 2) Making One’s Self Safe in the Cyber World Online Safety
- internet safety, cyber safety or e-safety
- trying to be safe on the internet
- act of maximizing a user's awareness of personal safety and security risks to private information and property associated with using the internet, and the self-protection from computer crime.
Spamming - is the use of messaging systems to send an unsolicited message to large numbers of recipients for the purpose of commercial advertising, for the purpose of non-commercial proselytizing, or for any prohibited purpose.
Phishing - The attempt to obtain sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by disguising as a trustworthy in an electronic communication.
Cyberbullying - Involves the use of technologies to display behavior that harms another. Through email, instant messaging, text messaging, and social networking site, hurtful messages can be posted and shared.
MALWARE
An umbrella term used to refer to a variety of forms of hostile or intrusive software.
TYPES OF MALWARE
Virus - a malicious program designed to replicate itself and transfer from one computer to another.
Worm - are similar to viruses in that they replicate functional copies of themselves and can cause the same type of damage.
Trojan Horse - is disguised as useful program but once downloaded or installed, leaves your PC unprotected and acts as “PATHWAY” that allows for other malwares; even hackers to enter your system.
Spyware - a program that runs in the background without the user’s knowledge.
Keyloggers – used to record the keystrokes done by the users, which its main goal is to steal your username and passwords.
The 2002 worm Klez - dubbed the most common worm ever, spread its damage through Microsoft products by being inside email attachments or part of e-mail messages.
CYBER CITIZEN - A person who utilizes technology in an appropriate manner including etiquette, communication, education, access, commerce, responsibility, rights, safety, and security.
INTERNET SECURITY
- Branch of computer security specifically related to the Internet, often involving browser security but also work network security on a more general level as it applies to other applications or operating systems as a whole.
- Its objective is to establish rules and measures to use against attacks over the Internet.
MALWARE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION
- Ensure that all security updates and patches are installed
- Avoid suspicious links and emails
HTTPS ( Hyper-text Transfer Protocol Secure) - an extension of HTTP for secure communication over a computer network, and is widely used on the Internet.
Computer Ethics and Netiquette
⮚Computer Ethics is new branch of ethics that is concerned with standards of conduct in the use of computers.
⮚It deals with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct
Online Ethics
⮚Refers to patterns and behavior used when on the Internet, guided both by law and personal philosophy.
⮚By understanding legal ramifications and trusting personal philosophy used in other areas of life can help a person determine his or her online ethics.
Ethical Issues in ICT
Plagiarism - It is an act of theft in which a person copies another person’s ideas, words, or writings, etc, and pass them off as his or her own. Those who committed such actions may lead to serious legal and ethic defilements.
Exploitation - It is an action in which one deals with a person dishonesty, unethically, and dishonorably, in order to take advantage of the latter’s works and or resources. This leads to unlawful actions.
Libel - It can either be an insult, slur, or slander. Either written or spoken or even through actions, it may lead to libel if the accusation is not true and without any piece of evidence.
COPYRIGHT LAW - Original works of authorship” This protection is available to both published and unpublished works.
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT - the use of works protected by copyright law without permission, infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works.
COPYRIGHT LAW PROTECTS
Literary Works, Paintings, Photographs, Drawings, Films
Copyright does not protect the ff.:
Ideas of a creative work
It does not protect facts
PATENT - An exclusive right granted for an invention, which is a product or a process that provides, in general, a new way of doing something, or offers a new technical solution to a problem.
(LESSON 3) CONTEXUALIZED ONLINE SEARCH AND RESEARCH SKILLS
Contextualized search - a skilled or optimized way of searching the Internet based on the “context” provided, therefore narrowing down the result given back to you by the search engine. This increases the chances of you receiving the appropriate reply to your query.
ONLINE SEARCH - Committing errors when searching for information such these does not matter such because it generally does not affect other people.
ONLINE SEARCHING - It is the use of the Internet or through the world wide web for obtaining information.
benchmarks for evaluating a website:
currency (is it up to date?);
security (does it ask for too much private information from you?);
scope (is the content in-depth or too shallow?), and;
authority (who wrote the content?).
ADVANTAGES OF ONLINE SEARCH
· Speed and accuracy
· Outstanding level of information
· Broad information
· Quite comfortable
· Flexibility
· Easy and saves time
DISADVANTAGES OF ONLINE SEARCH
· Unavailability in certain areas
· Lack of security
· No quality of information
· Arrangement
· Distracting and misleading
Search Operators
“” = Finds the exact words or phrase
() = Finds or excludes web pages that contain a group of words
+ = Find web pages that contain all the terms that are preceded by the + symbol; allows you to include
terms that are usually ignored
and = Narrows the search by retrieving only records contain both terms
or = Broadens the search to include records containing either keyword, or both
GOOGLE SEARCH - is the most popular and powerful search engine in the 21st Century
GOOGLE SCHOLAR - another product from Google, gives users, especially researcher, a simpler way to search for scholarly literature on the Internet.
INTERNET ARCHIVE - The internet is a non-profit electronic library that has a free-to-access collection of digitized material ranging from websites, multimedia files, and academic materials.
EBSCO - is another digital library that offers premium fee-based to mainly academic material that is normally not available for public use. Elthon B. Stephen Co (EBSCO)
JSTOR - is a part of ITHAKA, a non-profit organization that promotes sustainable research and teaching in the academe via digital technologies.
Journal Storage (JSTOR) - is another digital library that is primarily licensed to academic, scientific, other research and educational institutions
(Lesson 4) Developing ICT Content for Specific Purposes
Application software
(simply known as apps)
are useful for reports containing textual, numerical and presentation features.
Three Key Features of those applications are usually combined to support decisions in business or management, and in the context of communication.
MICROSOFT OFFICE - a suite of applications designed to help with productivity and completing common tasks on a computer.
MAIL MERGE
- A feature in Word where you can merge boilerplate information with variable information.
- It allows you to create documents and combine or merge them with another document or data file.
Three main components
The Main Document – text and graphics (e.g., forms letters, envelopes or labels)
Data Source – variable information (e.g., a list of names and addresses)
Merged Document – combination of boilerplate text and variable information
Custom Animations and Timing
Animation - is a great way to focus on important points, to control the flow of information, and to increase viewer interest in your presentation.
Four Different Kinds of Animation Effects in Powerpoint
Entrance Effects. For example, you can make an object fade gradually into focus, fly onto the slide from an edge, or bounce into view.
Exit Effects. These effects include making an object fly off of the slide, disappear from view or spiral off the slide.
Emphasis Effects. Examples of these effects include making an object shrink or grow in size, change color, or spin on its center.
Motion Paths. You can use these effects to make an object move up or down, left or right, or in star or circular pattern.
Hyperlink - It is a connection from one slide to another slide in the same presentation or to slide in another presentation, an e-mail address, a Web page or a file.
Integrating Images and External Material in Word Processors
Pictures - It can be inserted (or copied) from many different places, including a computer, an online source like Bing.com or a web page.
This feature is available in Excel, Outlook, PowerPoint and Word.
Embedded Files and Data
Embedding Data - It means that we insert an object like a spreadsheet into a word-processor as a so-called embedded object, so that you can edit the spreadsheet by double-clicking on it in the word-processor document.
Powerpoint Vocabulary
Slide Master - Controls the formatting for all the slides in the presentation
Design Template - A pre-designed model that you can apply to one or all of the background slides in a presentation
Slide Layout - The combination of title, text or content placeholders and the arrangement on a slide.
Object - Any element that appears on a Power point slide, such as clip art, text, drawings, charts, sounds and video clips.
(LESSON 5 PART 1) GRAPHIC DESIGN
Graphic Design - is a craft where professionals create visual content to communicate messages.
According to the American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA), graphic design is defined as “the art and practice of planning and projecting ideas and experiences with visual and textual content. ” In other terms, graphic design communicates certain ideas or messages in a visual way.
Graphic Design Elements
Line - Lines are always more than just points that are strung together. Depending on their form, weight, length and context, lines can help organize information, define shapes, imply movement, and convey emotions.
Shape - Shapes are best understood as areas, forms or figures contained by a boundary or closed outline.
There are two types of shapes that every graphic designer should understand: geometric and organic (or “free-flowing”)
Geometric Shape - It can include either two-dimensional or three-dimensional forms. They are created by a set of points that connect by either straight or curved lines and are usually abstract and simplistic.
Organic Shape - Organic shapes are far less uniform, proportional and well-defined. They can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. They might include natural shapes, such as leaves, crystals, and vines, or abstract shapes, such as blobs and squiggles.
Color - a useful tool for communicating a mood or provoking an emotional response from your viewer. Color theory and the color wheel provide a practical guide for graphic designers who want to select a single color or combine multiple colors in a harmonious—or intentionally.
Colors
Color Harmonies - Color harmonies are created when two or more colors are chosen from their positions on the color wheel.
Complementary Color - Complementary colors lie opposite one another on the color wheel. They are highly contrasting, and can express vibrancy and energy or be visually jarring, depending on how they’re used. Red and green are complementary colors.
Analogous Color Schemes - use colors that lie next to one another on the color wheel. They are visually pleasing and can create a sense of harmony and calm in a design.
Triad Color Scheme - use colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel. They are very vibrant and require balance to be visually pleasing.
Split Complementary - use a base color and the two colors that are adjacent to its complementary color. They provide great visual contrast without being jarring, which is why so many designers prefer them.
Tetradic or rectangular color schemes - use two sets of complementary colors. Because they feature four colors, tetradic schemes offer designers a myriad of varieties and possible outcomes.
Square Color Schemes - feature four colors that create the shape of a square on the color wheel. They also present many possible design outcomes, but should always be balanced when used.
Texture - Texture is the feel of a surface—furry, smooth, rough, soft, gooey or glossy. Most graphic designers must visually convey texture by using illusions to suggest how their work might feel if viewers could touch it. Mastering texture is an important part of making designs look polished and professional.
2 Basic Types of Texture
Organic
Abstract
Type - is the element wherein you choose the appropriate font for a certain type of graphic design you are doing. It is important to make sure the type you use is legible and appropriate for your subject.
Space - Spacing is a vital part of any designer’s toolkit. It can give a design breathing room, increase its visual impact, balance out heavier visual elements, and emphasize images or messages that viewers should remember.
Image - Graphic Designers rely on images to grab the audience’s attention and express specific messages. It provides context for a designer’s communication, adds necessary drama or action, and creates an overall mood.
Infrographics - are referred to as Data Visualization, but for an infographic designer, they mean different things. Data visualizations are the visual presentations of numerical values (charts and graphs). Infographic tells a complete story.
- is a representation of information in a graphic format designed to make the data easily understandable at a glance.
Infographics follows the three-part story format
Introduction - introduce the audience to the topic
The Main Content - what the readers should remember
Conclusion - tag-line/closure where in the designer wraps up the message for the reader just like ending a good speech
Image File Formats
Raster Image – Raster files are images built from pixels — tiny color squares that, in great quantity, can form highly detailed images such as photographs. The number of pixels in an image depends on the file type (for example, JPEG, GIF, or PNG).
Vector Image - Vector files use mathematical equations, lines,and curves with fixed points on a grid to produce an image. There are no pixels in a vector file. A vector file’s mathematical formulas capture shape, border, and fill color to build an image.
2 Common differences between Raster and Vector
Resolution - Raster files display a wider array of colors, permit greater color editing, and show finer light and shading than vectors — but they lose image quality when resized. With vector image files, resolution is not an issue. You can resize, rescale, and reshape vectors infinitely without losing any image quality.
Uses - Raster files are also commonly used for editing images, photos, and graphics. Vector files work better for digital illustrations, complex graphics, and logos.
Lossless Compression
Capture all of the data of your original file.
Nothing from the original file, photo or piece of art is lost - lossless.
Lossy Compression
Approximate what your original image looks like. A lossy image might reduce the amount of colors in your image.
Types of Image File Formats
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
a flat format meaning that all edits are
saved into one image layer and cannot be undone. A standard file format for compressing pictures so they can be stored or sent by email more easily.
PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
Is a lossless raster format. It has
built-in transparency but can also
display higher color depths.
It is also a compressed raster graphic
format. It is commonly used on the
Web and is also a popular choice for
application graphics.
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)
- a lossless format for image files that supports both animated and static images.
- "a GIF image“
- It was devised in 1987 by the Internet service provider CompuServe as a means of reducing the size of images and short animations.
- It only has 256 colors
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
- Is a lossless raster format Because of its extremely high quality.
- Is a standard file format that is largely used in the publishing and printing industry.
- Since it introduces no compression artifacts, the file format is preferred over others for archiving intermediate files.
RAW File Format
Contains the unprocessed data captured by a digital camera or scanner’s sensor. Typically images are processed when the color, white balance, exposure are adjusted and then converted and compressed into another format.
PSD (Photoshop Document)
- Is a proprietary layered image format
- These are original design files created in photoshop that are fully editable with multiple layers and image adjustments.
- It's an image editing friendly format that supports multiple image layers and various imaging options.
- Commonly used for containing high quality graphics data.
PDF (Portable Document Format)
- designed to present documents consistently across multiple devices and platforms.
- A PDF file can store a wide variety of data, including formatted text, vector graphics, and raster images.
EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)
- It’s a standard graphics file format intended for placing images or drawings within a PostScript Document.
- also includes a low-resolution preview of the graphics inside which makes it accessible with programs not capable of editing the script inside.
- It was created by Adobe back in 1992.
AI (Adobe Illustrator)
- is a proprietary vector image format
- AI files are primarily a vector-based format, though they can also include embedded or linked raster images.
- AI files can be exported to both PDF and EPS files (for easy reviewing and printing), and also JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIFF and PSD (for web use and further editing).