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CRJU 302 Policing 2 (chap 10)

Chapter 10: Federal and State Agencies: Protecting Our Borders and Freedoms

Introduction

  • This chapter focuses on the roles and responsibilities of both federal and state law enforcement agencies in ensuring security and maintaining order within the nation.

State Law Enforcement

  • Jurisdiction: The authority of state law enforcement agencies is restricted by state boundaries and specific state laws.

  • Variances in State Police:

    • Some states operate a single agency responsible for both criminal investigations and traffic enforcement.

    • Other states prefer to separate these two functions into different agencies.

  • Criminal Investigations: These agencies handle crimes that occur statewide. They play a crucial role in matters concerning police bias and overlapping jurisdictions.

  • Highway Patrol: Their primary focus is on traffic safety and law enforcement rather than criminal investigations.

State Police Organizations

  • There are approximately 58,000 full-time sworn state police personnel across 49 states, with Hawaii lacking a state police force.

  • Responsibilities of state police extend beyond traffic enforcement and can include:

    • SWAT (Special Weapons and Tactics) Teams

    • Search and Rescue Operations

    • Drug Enforcement Units

State Bureaus of Investigation (SBI)

  • Each state maintains an Bureau of Investigation that functions similarly to the FBI at the federal level.

  • The SBI reports directly to the state attorney general and:

    • Investigates cases that span both state and municipal jurisdictions.

    • Provides assistance to local law enforcement agencies.

  • Example: In California, specialized agencies such as the Bureau of Investigation and the Highway Patrol illustrate this structure.

Federal Law Enforcement

Types of Federal Agencies:

  • Military Police: Enforce laws on military installations and federal properties, addressing violations by military personnel under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ).

  • Tribal Police: Operate on Native American reservations with jurisdiction specific to tribal laws and regulations.

More Federal Agencies

  • Civilian Police: This category includes key federal agencies such as the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives), DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration), and the U.S. Marshals Service.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

  • Creation: Formed in 2003 as a response to the growing need for enhanced security against terrorism.

  • Leadership: The DHS is headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security, currently Alejandro Mayorkas.

  • Objectives:

    • Improve domestic intelligence capabilities.

    • Prevent potential threats to national security.

    • Coordinate efforts among federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies.

  • Staffing: At its inception, the DHS consolidated 22 different federal agencies, employing over 180,000 personnel.

DHS Structural Overview

  • The DHS consists of various offices responsible for crucial aspects like counterterrorism, cybersecurity, and customs enforcement.

Department of Justice (DOJ)

  • Status: Serves as the legal arm of the U.S. government.

  • Leadership: The head of the DOJ is the Attorney General, who is currently Merrick Garland.

  • Responsibilities: The DOJ oversees several civilian federal law enforcement networks, including the FBI, ATF, and DEA.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

  • History: Established in 1908 and initially known as the Bureau of Investigation.

  • Key Responsibilities:

    • Protect the nation from terrorist attacks.

    • Combat foreign espionage threats.

    • Address high-tech crimes.

    • Investigate public corruption and civil rights violations.

FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

  • Overview: Created in 1929, these reports collect comprehensive data on crimes reported by police agencies throughout the country.

  • Statistics: The UCR includes information on reported crimes, arrests, and demographic details of offenders.

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)

  • Origins: Established in 1972, the ATF primarily enforces laws related to alcohol, tobacco, and firearms.

  • Activities: Conducts extensive investigations annually regarding firearms, explosives, and relevant legislation.

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

  • Establishment: Founded in 1973 to enforce the Controlled Substances Act.

  • Responsibilities: Includes developing drug enforcement strategies and collaborating with other law enforcement agencies.

U.S. Marshals Service (USMS)

  • History: Established in 1789, making it the oldest federal law enforcement agency.

  • Primary Duties:

    • Apprehend fugitives.

    • Secure federal courts.

    • Operate the Witness Protection Program.

Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

  • Establishment: Created in 1862 to collect income taxes during the Civil War.

  • Functions: Monitors compliance with federal tax laws and investigates violations related to tax offenses.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

  • Formation: Established in 1947, focusing primarily on national security rather than criminal law enforcement.

  • Operations: Engages in covert operations to gather intelligence critical to U.S. interests.

Summary of Federal and State Policing

  • Highlights the specialization required in law enforcement and the necessity of adapting to evolving security threats.

  • Emphasizes the importance of flexible and preventive policing approaches to enhance public safety.

Overview of Major Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

  • Summarizes key federal law enforcement agencies that operate under the DHS and DOJ umbrellas, detailing their specific roles and responsibilities.

Federal Agencies in DHS

  • Creation: Resulting from the recommendations post-9/11, reflecting a significant overhaul in government security measures.

  • Major Agencies and Responsibilities:

    • CBP (Customs and Border Protection): Protects U.S. borders and facilitates international trade.

    • ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement): Enforces immigration laws and investigates related criminal activities.

    • TSA (Transportation Security Administration): Ensures safety and security of transportation systems across the nation.

    • USCIS (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services): Manages the immigration process and related services.

    • USCG (U.S. Coast Guard): Protects the nation's coastlines and waterways.

    • CISA (Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency): Safeguards critical infrastructure from cyber threats.

    • USSS (United States Secret Service): Provides protection for national leaders and investigates financial crimes.

Training and Coordination within DHS

  • The Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) provides training for over 100 federal and local law enforcement agencies.

INTERPOL Overview

  • While not a law enforcement body itself, INTERPOL operates as an international organization facilitating cooperation among nations to tackle global crime.

  • Role: Utilizes shared databases and notices to disseminate criminal information across borders.

Department of Justice (DOJ) Leadership and Roles

  • Discusses the organizational structure and functions of the DOJ and its associated law enforcement arms.

Ancillary Services of the FBI

  • Outlines the support and resources the FBI offers to assist local law enforcement agencies.

Additional Responsibilities of ATF, DEA, and USMS

  • Describes the historical context and current functions of the ATF, DEA, and USMS, including their specialized units and law enforcement capabilities.

Career Profile: Dana Ridenour Endorf

  • Features a profile of a former FBI agent, detailing her career path, key responsibilities, and advice for aspiring law enforcement professionals.

IRS Responsibilities

  • Focuses on the IRS's duties related to tax enforcement and its role in criminal investigations concerning financial crimes.

Types of State and Local Law Enforcement

  • Provides an overview of various state law enforcement organizations, detailing their roles, responsibilities, and operational structures.

Organizational Structure of California Highway Patrol

  • Visual representation of the hierarchical organization within the California Highway Patrol.

Special Jurisdiction Agencies Overview

  • Discusses different types of special jurisdiction agencies and the specific responsibilities they have in law enforcement.

National vs. Local Policing

  • Compares the national policing model to the fragmented U.S. system. Highlights the importance of local control in law enforcement.

Law Enforcement Career Considerations

  • Explores various qualifications and evaluations that law enforcement applicants must meet to be successful.

Key Terms and Definitions

  • A glossary of important terms related to the chapter's content.

Review Questions

  • A compilation of questions designed to reinforce understanding of the functions and responsibilities of federal and state law enforcement agencies.