AP1

Anatomy is the study of the human body parts

Physiology is the study of the function of the human body

The scientific study of the structure, organization, and relationships of body parts living in organisms.

characteristics of living things:

  • movement

  • response

  • limits

  • digestion

  • regulation - homeostasis

  • metabolism - includes anabolism and catabolism

  • excretion

  • reproduction - miosis

  • growth - mitosis

  • development - differentiation

Basic needs of living organisms:

  • nutrientrs

  • water

  • oxgyen

  • temperture

  • atmospheric pressure

homeostasis - the capacity to maintain a stable internal environment regardless of what’s going on in the external environment.

To maintain a stable internal environment, certain parameters must be met. must be within normal limits.

To maintain it, you need 3 components:

  • receptor - body structure that detects changes

  • control center - the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector.

  • effector - the structure that brings about the change to negate the stimulus.

negative feedback mechanism

positive feedback mechanism

4 unifying principles of AP

  1. homeostasis - dynamic balance of all internal body environment in spite of what is happening elsewhere.

  2. There is a hierarchy of structural organization.

  3. complementarity of structure and function

  4. interrelation of body systems

4 basic types of tissue in the human body:

  • epithelial

  • connective

  • muscular

  • nervous

11 body systems:

  • integumentary - protection and temp regulation

  • cardiovascular - transport

  • skeletal - support

  • respiratory - excretion

  • muscular - contract for movement

  • urinary - excretory through production of urine

  • nervous - control through neurotransmissions

  • digestive - break down and compose food materials and excrete

  • endocrine- control through chemical means

  • reproductive - conserve the survival of the species

  • lymphatic - excretion (immune)

  1. atom

  1. molecule

  2. oganelle

  3. cell

  4. tissue

  5. organ

  6. system

  7. organism

Anatomical position

Prone position

Supine position

The purpose of dividing the body in different ways is to communicate.

***Planes:

  • coronal - anterior and posterior division

  • midsagittal - left and right middle division

  • transverse - upper and lower division (superior and inferior)

Medial means it is located at the imaginary midline of the body

When comparing 3 astructurs you use intermediate to describe, such as the heart is intermediate to the lungs

***bilateral symmetry - midsagittal

***The integumentary system:

  • hair

  • skin

  • nails

all made of the same protein: keratin

Skin is made up of the following tissues:

  • epithelial - a lot of cells close together, little interstitial (between cells) space

  • connective - fewer cells, a lot more interstitial space than epithelial. only liquid tissue i the body (blood)

  • nervous

  • muscular - skeletal, cardiac, smooth

The skin is divided into:

  • epidermis (epithelial), most layers are dead

  • dermis (connective)

  • subcutaneous tissue (connective)

Epithelial tissue is the one that regenerates the most

next is connective

muscle tissues hardly regenerate or does so very slowly

Nerve tissue does not regenerate, except in the hippocampus.

skin contains 11 miles of blood vessels, excretes 3 gallons of sweat per day (when hot), except underneath the nails, lips, and eardrums.

skin had sudoriparous glands

Sweat glands are exocrine glands

Exocrine means the glands make sweat, tears, saliva, milk, and digestive juices; they do not put what is produced into the bloodstream.

glads in skin:

apocrine glands - type of sweat glands found in the skin, breast, eyelid, and ear. They secrete fat droplets into breast milk. Those in the ear help form earwax.

fingerprints - loops are common, arches are uncommon.

Functions of the skin:

  • protection - skin is the first line of defense

    • protects from bruises

    • from fluids

    • infections by using sebum

    • radition using melanin

    • repairs bug bites by shedding skin

  • temp regulation

    • sweat - eliminates water, urea, and mineral salts

    • Adipose tissues act like a blanket that keeps heat inside the body

  • excretion

  • sensation

    • cold

    • heat

    • pressure

    • contact

    • pain

      •  protects from 1st and 2nd degree burns

      • 1st degree burn: epidural burn, common in sunburn

      • 2nd degree burn: occurs in the upper region of dermis, blisters, and causes the most discomfort

  • exocrine

  • absorption

    • absorbs medication