Lecture 5 (leaf2) (week5)

Lecture Overview

  • Course: Pharm D Program, Faculty of Pharmacy

  • Lecture: Different Studied Leaves

  • Date: 29/10/2024

  • Professors: Dr. Haidy Gad, Dr. Mohamed Sedeek

Course Department

  • Program: Botany and Medicinal Plants (PPC101)

  • University: King KSIU Salman International University

Leaf Types Under Study

Alkaloid-Containing Leaves

  • Alkaloids and Their Uses:

    • Hyoscine N-butylbromide (Buscopan 1%)

    • Atropine Sulfate (used for alleviating abdominal discomfort, cramps, and pain)

  • Key Leaves:

    1. Belladonna (Atropa belladonna)

    2. Stramonium (Datura stramonium)

    3. Hyoscyamus (Egyptian Henbane)

General Characters of Family Solanaceae

  • Morphology:

    • Adnation phenomena (fusion of organs)

  • Anatomical Features:

    1. Anisocytic stomata

    2. Uniseriate, non-glandular hairs (3-5 cells)

    3. Glandular hairs with multicellular, club-shaped heads

    4. Perimedullary phloem (phloem located at the inner edge of xylem)

    5. Presence of calcium oxalate crystals

    6. Starch sheath (endodermis)

  • Chemical Composition:

    • Contains tropane alkaloids (mydriatic alkaloids that dilate pupils)

Morphology of Solanaceous Leaves

Plant

Shape

Margin

Apex

Base

Petiole

Venation

Dorsiventral

Belladonna

Broadly ovate

Entire

Acuminate

Symmetric decurrent

Petiolate

Pinnate

Dorsiventral

Stramonium

Triangular ovate

Irregularly dentate

Acuminate

Asymmetric

Petiolate

Reticulate, anastomosing near margin

Dorsiventral

Hyoscyamus

Oval, Rhomboidal

Entire with 2-5 acute teeth

Acuminate

Symmetric

Petiolate

Pinnate reticulate

Dorsiventral

Specific Leaves Description

Belladonna Leaf

  • Synonym: Deadly Nightshade

  • Origin: Dried leaves and flowering tops of Atropa belladonna

  • Family: Solanaceae

Stramonium Leaf

  • Synonym: Thorn apple leaf

  • Origin: Dried leaves and flowering tops of Datura stramonium

  • Family: Solanaceae

Hyoscyamus Leaf

  • Synonym: Egyptian Henbane

  • Origin: Dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus muticus

  • Family: Solanaceae

Microscopic Features of Leaves

Belladonna Leaf

  • Stomata: Anisocytic, covered with striated cuticle

  • Hairs: Idioblasts, glandular hairs, clavate hairs

Stramonium Leaf

  • Features: Crystal layer, non-glandular hair, anisocytic stomata with smooth cuticle

Hyoscyamus Leaf

  • Features: Anisocytic stomata, glandular hair with branched stalk and unicellular head

Chemical Components of Solanaceae Leaves

  • Key Alkaloids:

    • Tropane alkaloids: Hyoscyamine, Hyoscine, Atropine

  • Pharmacological Uses:

    • Anticholinergics with effects such as mydriasis (pupil dilation), tachycardia, and urinary retention

Applications of Solanaceous Alkaloids

  • Mechanisms and Uses:

    1. Mydriasis - pupil dilation for ocular examinations

    2. Antispasmodic - Relief in colicles

    3. Sedative action of Hyoscine

    4. Hypnotic and non-addictive effects beneficial in treating insomnia

  • Note: Used to reduce sweat and saliva before surgeries (parasympatholytic action)

Tea Leaves - General Characteristics

  • Origin: Dried leaves and leaf buds of Thea sinensis, Family Theaceae

  • Production of Black Tea:

    1. Collection and cutting of young tea leaves

    2. Subject to oxidation (fermentation) for 25 min to 3 hours

    • Influence on Antioxidant Activity:

      • Higher oxidation leads to more phlobaphenes and darker tea color

      • No oxidation in green tea, maintaining polyphenol concentration

Key Components of Tea

  • Caffeine - CNS stimulant, mild diuretic, antioxidant properties

  • Catechins - Polyphenolic compounds with health benefits

  • Active Constituents:

    1. Alkaloids: Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline

    2. Polyphenols: Tannins, catechins

Matcha Tea Characteristics

  • Type: Powdered green tea, high-quality preparation

  • Beneficial Compounds: Antioxidants, anti-inflammatory substances

  • Health Effects:

    • Supports cognitive functions, reduces stress (Theanine)

    • Combination of Theanine and caffeine enhances concentration

    • Shadow growth reduces Theanine breakdown

Digitalis Leaves

Key Features

  • Leaves Origin: Dried leaves from Digitalis lanata and Digitalis purpurea

  • Family: Scrophulariaceae

  • Cardiac Glycosides: Active constituents contributing to cardiotonic properties

Buchu Leaves

  • Origin: Dried leaves from various Barosma species, Family Rutaceae

  • Chemical Composition: Volatile oil, diosmin, mucilage

  • Uses:

    • Acts as a urinary tract antiseptic

    • Diosmin treats capillary fragility (varicose veins)

Guava Leaves

  • Origin: Dried leaves of Psidium guajava, Family Myrtaceae

  • Active Constituents: Volatile oil, tannins, flavonoids

  • Uses:

    • Astringent effects due to tannins

    • Antiseptic and cough sedatives for respiratory issues

Eucalyptus Leaves

  • Origin: Eucalyptus globulus, Family Myrtaceae

  • Uses: Muscle pain relief, respiratory antiseptic properties

  • Active Compounds: Volatile oils

Henna Leaves

  • Origin: Dried leaves of Lawsonia alba, Family Lythraceae

  • Active Ingredients: Naphthaquinone glycosides (lawsone), mucilage

  • Uses:

    • Natural dye for hair and skin

    • Anti-fungal agent

  • Chemical Reaction: Lawsone reacts with keratin, leading to a permanent stain

Conclusion

  • Acknowledgment: Thank you, King KSIU Salman International University