Sensation and cognition

bottom up processing is assembling and integrating info.

Top down processing is using models ideas and expectations from previous experiences

absolute threshold is the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

subliminal is below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

different threshold is minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

Wavelength is the distance from the peak of wind wave to the peak of the next

Hugh is the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

Intensity is the amount of energy in a wave which influences what we perceive as brightness, determined by a waves amplitude or height

The cornea is the eyes clear protective outer layer, covering the pupil in the iris

The pupil is the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

The iris is a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil in controls the size of the pupil opening

The lens is the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

The retina is a light sensitive back inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

Rods are retinal receptors that detect black, white and gray and twilight vision

Cones are retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and function in daylight. They also detect color.

The optic nerve is the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

The blind spot is the point of which the optic nerve leaves the eye creating a blind spot because the receptor cells are located there

The fovea is the central focal point in the retina around which the eyes cones cluster

Accommodation is in sensation and perception, which is the process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus images of near or far objects on the retina in developmental psychology, adapting current schema to incorporate new information

Young Helmholtz trichromatic theory is the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors one most sensitive to red one to green one to blue which one stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color

Opponent process theory is the theory that opposing retinal processes read to green, blue to yellow, white to black, enable color vision

Dichromatism is a person that has two types of cones in their retina instead of three in the normal color vision. This means they can match any color they see by mixing two primary colors.

Monochromatic ism is also known as total color blindness. People with mono chromatism can only see shades of gray, black and white.

Audition is the sense or act of hearing

Frequency is the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time. For example, example per second.

Pitch is a tones, experienced highness or lowness, which depends on frequency

Blind side is a neurological condition where someone can perceive the location of an object, despite being cortically blind

Sensory neural hearing loss is the most common form of hearing loss caused by damage to Cokeley as receptor cells or to the auditory nerve also called nerve deafness

Conduction hearing loss is less is a less common form of hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

Play theory is the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the Cokeley is membrane is stimulated, which is also called place coding

Frequency theory is the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches frequency of the tone enabling us to since it’s pitch

Volleyball principal is when an individual neuron cannot fire faster than 1000 waves per second neurons can alternate firing to sounds with frequencies above 1000 waves per second

Gustation is our sense of taste

olfaction is our sense of smell.

Kinesthesis is our movement sense: our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. Touching our nose with our eyes closed, and knowing where our nose is, is an example of this.

Vestibular sense is our balance sense; our sense of body movement in position that enables our sense of balance. The function of this is head position or inner ear fluid levels.

Sensory interaction is a principle that one can influence another. For example, smell and taste or synesthesia.

Embody cognition is the influence of bodily sensations gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

Selective attention is focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus for example of the stroop test

In intentional blindness is failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere, for example ball bounce video

Change blindness is failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of intentional blindness, for example, who dunnit video

Perceptual set is a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

context is what influences our perception for example, the volleyball picture up close didn’t make sense until we got context of why her face looked like that

Motivation is, for example, if a group of hungry participants stood in front of a burger they would think the burger is further than someone who wasn’t hungry

Emotion is when perception is influenced by mood for example, if listening to sad music and asked to spell pain, you may spell PAIN instead of PANE

gestalt is an organized whole, gestalt psychologists emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful holes

Figure ground is the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

Depth perception is the ability to see objects and three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional allows us to distance

Binocular cues is a depth cue that depends on two eyes

Convergence is a cue to nearby objects, distance, enabled by the brain, combining retinal images

Monocular queue is a depth cue available to either eye alone

Retinal disparity is binocular queue for perceiving depth. By comparing retinal images from the two eyes the brain computes distance— the greater the difference between the two images, the closer to the object.

Metacognition is cognition about our cognition, keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes

Schema is a concept or framework that organizes an interprets information for example, schemas would be dog or cat folders in a cabinet

Concept is a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people for example what makes up those dog and cat folders?

Prototype is a mental image or best example of a category for example putting a photo of a dog or cat on the folders would be a prototype

Assimilation is interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Accommodation in sensation and perception is a process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus images of near or far objects on the retina

Conversion thinking is narrowing the available problem solution solutions to determine the single best solution

Divergent thinking is expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that divergent in different directions for example, how many uses can you think of for a brick?

Executive functions are cognitive skills that work together enabling us to generate organized plan and implement goal directed behavior

Algorithm is methodical, logical rules, or procedures that guarantee solving a particular problem. This contrast with the usually speedier, but also more air prone use of heruistics

heuristic is a simple thinking strategy or mental shortcut that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier, but also more air prone than an algorithm

Insight is a sudden realization of a problem solution; contrast with strategy based solutions

Bias is a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Fixation in cognition is the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem-solving

Mental set is an example of fixation a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way often a way that has been successful in the past

availability is judging likelihood of events based on their availability and memory; if instances come readily to mind,( maybe because of the vividness )we presume events are common

Representativeness is judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant info

Intuition is an effortless immediate automatic feeling, or thought, as contrasted with explicitly conscious reasoning

Overconfidence is the tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

Hindsight bias is the I knew it all along phenomenon; the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have for seen it

Belief perseverance is persistence of one’s initial conceptions, even after the basis on which they were formed, has been discredited

Framing is the issue was posed; how an issue was framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

Nudge is framing choices in a way that encourages people to make beneficial decisions

Sunk cost fallacy is our tendency to follow through with something that we’ve already invested heavily in be at time money effort, or emotional energy even when giving up is clearly a better idea