CHE 3 - Musculoskeletal System Notes

Musculoskeletal System

  • Purpose: Structural support, movement, protects vital organs, and mineral storage.
  • Which mineral is most associated with bones?

Muscles

  • Voluntary Muscles: Controls all physical movements you THINK ABOUT.
    • Examples: Walking, Lifting, Sitting
  • Involuntary Muscles: Controls all movements you DON'T THINK ABOUT.
    • Examples: Digestion, Breathing, Blinking
  • Tendon: Holds muscle to bone.
  • What do our muscles use for energy(food)?
    • Glucose
  • Why do our muscles ache/burn after a workout?
    • The byproduct of glucose breakdown can be Lactic Acid.
    • After a workout, you may see an increase in this acid within the muscle tissue.
    • Weight lifting anaerobic exercise: bursts of energy
    • Running
    • Cross fit

Muscular Disorders

  • Injury: Sprain, Tear, Bruising
  • Tendonitis: Inflammation of tendons
  • Muscular Dystrophy: Muscle weakness and breakdown
  • Fibromyalgia: Widespread pain, fatigue, memory concerns
    • -itis: Inflammation
    • -algia: Pain
    • -trophy: Generation
    • my/myo: -Muscle
  • Muscular Atrophy: Complete loss of use of muscle group
    • Example Contracture

Neuromuscular Disorders

  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
  • Parkinson's Disease (PD)
  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (Lou Gehrig's Disease)
  • Dyskinesia: Shaky Movements

Skeletal System

  • There are 206206 bones in the human body.
  • Bones act as a frame for the body allowing for movement and protection of vital organs.
  • Examples: Ribs/Sternum, Hips, Skull
  • Ligament: Holds bone to bone.
  • Joint: Meeting spot for two bones; fluid protection
  • Bone: Structural support

Skeletal Disorders

  • Osteoporosis: Breakdown of the bone structure leading to holes (pores) in the bone.
    • Increased risk for: Falls, Fracture
  • Arthritis: Inflammation in the joints usually due to the breakdown of protective fluid.
    • Symptoms include: Pain, Swelling
  • Fracture: A fracture can be hard to heal, even in healthy populations.

Sternal Precautions

  • Post-surgical precaution
  • Objective: Prevent the stretching/opening of the chest cavity to allow for healing of the sternum.
  • Imagine a circular fence around the upper part of the body (around the arms, shoulders, waist).
  • Keep the resident’s arms within the fence.
  • NO PUSHING
  • NO PULLING
  • NO LIFTING

Hip Precautions

  • Post surgical precaution
  • Objective: Prevent the stretching/opening of the hips
  • GOAL: Prevent the abduction/adduction/flexion of the lower extremities
  • How do we transfer these residents?
  • What tools might we use to help maintain body alignment?

Medical Terminology

  • Dyskinesia:
    • -Dys: Painful or difficult
    • -Kinesia: movement
    • Jerky Movements
  • Myalgia:
    • -Myo: muscle
    • -Algia: pain
    • Muscle pain
  • Osteoporosis:
    • -Osteo: bone
    • -Poros: with pores
    • -Osis: a condition of which
    • Condition of which the bones have pores (risk for fracture)
  • Atrophy: Shortening or shrinking of the muscles
    • Ex: Contracture
  • Arthritis:
    • -Arthro: joint
    • -Itis: inflammation
    • Inflammation of a joint

Scenario: Mr. Jones on Sternal Precautions

  • Mr. Jones is on sternal precautions due to a recent open heart surgery. As you enter the room you notice he is reaching above his head to grab a box. What could a CNA do within their scope of practice to help?
    • A) Notify the RN STAT
    • B) Educate the resident on the need to avoid reaching above their head
    • C) Offer to grab the item for the resident
    • D) Nothing, they are here to rehabilitate to go home. They need to be able to grab it themselves.