UkuPhathwa kwePhrojekthi nezinqubo (Project and Process Management)

Isingeniso se-Systems Analysis & Design ne-Project Management

• Ibhuku ne-Edition: Isifundo sisekelwe encwadini ethi Systems Analysis & Design for the Global Enterprise (Seventh Edition) ebhalwe ngu-Bentley Whitten.
• Izinjongo Zesifundo (Objectives):     * Ukuchaza amagama athi project kanye ne-project management, nokuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-project management ne-process management.     * Ukuchaza izimbangela zokuhluleka kwama-projects e-information systems ne-technology.     * Ukuchaza amakhono (competencies) ayisisekelo adingekayo kubaPhathi bePhrojekthi (Project Managers).     * Ukuchaza imisebenzi eyisisekelo yokuphathwa kwephrojekthi.     * Ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-PERT ne-Gantt njengamathuluzi wokuphatha iphrojekthi.     * Ukuchaza indima ye-software yokuphatha iphrojekthi.     * Ukuchaza imisebenzi eyisishiyagalombili (eight activities) ekuphathweni kwephrojekthi.     * Ukuchaza i-joint project planning (JPP) nendima yayo.     * Ukuchaza i-scope nokubhala i-statement of work (SOW).     * Ukusebenzisa i-work breakdown structure (WBS) ukuhlephula iphrojekthi ibe yimisebenzi (tasks).     * Ukulinganisa ubude besikhathi semisebenzi nokuveza ukuncika kwemisebenzi kwenye (intertask dependencies).     * Ukwaba izinsiza (resources) nokukhiqiza uhlelo lwephrojekthi nge-Gantt chart.     * Ukwaba abantu emisebenzini nokuqondisa umzamo weqembu.     * Ukusebenzisa i-critical path analysis ukuze ulungise uhlelo nokwabiwa kwezinsiza.     * Ukuphatha okulindelwe abasebenzisi (user expectations) nokulungisa umkhakha wephrojekthi.

Izincazelo Eyisisekelo nokuPhathwa kweZinqubo

• Iphrojekthi (Project): Ukulandelana [kwesikhashana] kwemisebenzi eyingqayizivele, eyinkimbinkimbi, nexhumene enomgomo noma injongo eyodwa, okumele iqedwe ngesikhathi esithile, ngaphakathi kwesabelomali (budget), nangokulandela imininingwane ebekiwe (specification).
• Umphathi wePhrojekthi (Project Manager): Umuntu onesibopho sokwengamela iphrojekthi yesistimu kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekugcineni.
• UkuPhathwa kwePhrojekthi (Project Management): Inqubo yokunquma i-scope, ukuhlela, ukuthola abasebenzi, ukuhlela, ukuqondisa, nokulawula ukuthuthukiswa kwesistimu eyamukelekayo ngenkokhelo ephansi kakhulu esikhathini esishiwoyo.
• UkuPhathwa kweZinqubo (Process Management): Umsebenzi wokubhala phansi, ukuphatha, nokuthuthukisa njalo inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwamasistimu.

Izilinganiso Zempumelelo Nomthelela Wokuhluleka

• Izilinganiso Zempumelelo yePhrojekthi:     * Isistimu yemininingwane (information system) evelayo iyamukeleka kukhasimende.     * Isistimu idiliselwe "ngesikhathi" (on time).     * Isistimu idiliselwe "ngaphakathi kwesabelomali" (within budget).     * Inqubo yokuthuthukisa isistimu ibe nomthelela omncane kakhulu emisebenzini yebhizinisi eqhubekayo.
• Izimbangela Zokuhluleka kwePhrojekthi:     * Ukwehluleka ukuthola ukuzibophezela kwabaPhathi abaPhezulu (upper-management commitment).     * Ukuntuleka kokuzibophezela kwenhlangano kwinqubo yokusebenza (methodology).     * Ukuthatha izinqamuleli (shortcuts) kunqubo yokusebenza.     * Ukuphathwa kabi kwemiphumela elindelwe (expectations management).     * Feature creep: Ukwengezwa kwezici zobuchwepheshe esistimini ngendlela engalawulwa.     * Scope creep: Ukukhula kancane kancane okungalindelekile kwezimfuneko (requirements) ngesikhathi sephrojekthi.     * Ukuzibophezela ngaphambi kwesikhathi kusabelomali nesikhathi esingaguquki.     * Amasu amabi okulinganisa (poor estimating techniques).     * Ukuba nethemba ngokweqile (overoptimism).     * The mythical man-month (Brooks, 1975): Inkolelo-mbumbulu yokuthi ukwengeza abasebenzi kuphrojekthi esephuzile kuzoyisheshisa.     * Ukuntuleka kwamakhono okuphatha abantu.     * Ukwehluleka ukuzivumelanisa nezinguquko zebhizinisi nezinye izinsiza ezinganele.

Amakhono oMphathi wePhrojekthi (Competencies)

• Umphathi kumele abe nala makhono: Ukuqonda ibhizinisi (Business awareness), Ukuzibophezela kukhwalithi, Isinyathelo (Initiative), Ukuhlanganisa imininingwane, Ukucabanga ngokuhlaziya (Analytical thinking), Amakhono okuxhumana (Communication skills), Ukubhekana nengcindezi (Stress management), nokuzithemba (Self-confidence).
• Imisebenzi Yokuphatha (PM Functions):     * Scoping: Ukubeka imingcele yephrojekthi.     * Planning: Ukuhlonza imisebenzi edingekayo.     * Estimating: Ukuhlonza izinsiza ezidingekayo.     * Scheduling: Ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwesikhathi.     * Organizing: Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu ayaqonda izindima zawo.     * Directing: Ukuxhumanisa iphrojekthi.     * Controlling: Ukubheka inqubekelaphambili (monitoring progress).     * Closing: Ukuhlola impumelelo nokuhluleka.

Amathuluzi Namasu wokuPhatha Iphrojekthi

• PERT chart: Imodeli yenethiwekhi ebonakalayo (graphical network model) esetshenziselwa ukuveza ukuncika kwemisebenzi yephrojekthi kwenye.
• Gantt chart: Ishadi lemigoqo (bar chart) elisetshenziselwa ukuveza imisebenzi yephrojekthi ku-calendar.
• Microsoft Project: I-software esetshenziselwa ukudweba ama-Gantt charts nama-PERT charts, ukuphatha izinsiza, nokulandela inqubekelaphambili.

Inqubo ye-Project Management Life Cycle (Activities)

1. Activity 1 – Negotiate Scope: Ukunquma imingcele yephrojekthi. Kuhlanganisa imibuzo eyisihlanu: Product, Quality, Time, Cost, ne-Resources. Document esetshenziswa lapha yi-Statement of Work (SOW).     * SOW Outline: Purpose, Background, Scope (Stakeholders, Data, Processes, Locations), Project Approach, Managerial Approach, Constraints, Ballpark Estimates, ne-Conditions of Satisfaction.
2. Activity 2 – Identify Tasks: Ukusebenzisa i-Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) ukuhlukanisa iphrojekthi ngezinhlangothi nezinyathelo. Isenzakalo esibalulekile siyoziwa nge-Milestone.
3. Activity 3 – Estimate Task Durations: Ukubalwa kwesikhathi sokuqedwa komsebenzi kucubungula i-Efficiency (evame ukuba yi-$75\,\%$) ne-Interruptions ($10-50\,\%$).     * I-formula yokubala isikhathi esisetshenziswayo (Duration $D$):         $D = \frac{(1 \times OD) + (4 \times ED) + (1 \times PD)}{6}$         Lapho:         * $OD$ = Optimistic Duration (isikhathi esincane kakhulu).         * $PD$ = Pessimistic Duration (isikhathi esikhulu kakhulu).         * $ED$ = Expected Duration (isikhathi esilindelekile).
4. Activity 4 – Specify Intertask Dependencies: Ukuhlonza indlela imisebenzi exhuma ngayo:     * Finish-to-start (FS): Ukuphela komunye umsebenzi kuqala omunye.     * Start-to-start (SS): Ukuqala komunye kuqala omunye.     * Finish-to-finish (FF): Imisebenzi emibili kumele iphele kanyekanye.     * Start-to-finish (SF): Ukuqala komunye kusho ukuphela komunye.     * Scheduling Strategies: Forward scheduling (kuqalwa ngosuku lokuqala kuya phambili) ne-Reverse scheduling (kuqalwa nge-deadline kuya emuva).
5. Activity 5 – Assign Resources: Ukwaba Abantu, Amasevisi, Izindawo namathuluzi (Facilities), Izinto zokusebenza (Supplies), neMali.     * Resource Leveling: Isu lokulungisa ukwabelwa ngokweqile kwezinsiza ngokusebenzisa i-task delaying noma task splitting.     * Critical Path: Ukulandelana kwemisebenzi encikene enquma usuku lokuqala lokuphela kwephrojekthi. Imisebenzi ekule ndlela ayikwazi ukubambezeleka.     * Slack Time: Inani lokubambezeleka komsebenzi elingeke laphazamisa usuku lokuphela kwephrojekthi yonke.
6. Activity 6 – Direct the Team Effort: Ukuhola iqembu. Iziyalezo ezingu-10 zobuholi (Hints for Leadership):     * 1. Be Consistent, 2. Provide Support, 3. Don’t Make Promises You Can’t Keep, 4. Praise in Public; Criticize in Private, 5. Be Aware of Morale Danger Points, 6. Set Realistic Deadlines, 7. Set Perceivable Targets, 8. Explain and Show Rather Than Do, 9. Don’t Rely on Just Status Reports, 10. Encourage a Good Team Spirit.
7. Activity 7 – Monitor and Control Progress: Ukubika ngenqubekelaphambili (Progress reporting) nokuphatha izinguquko (Change management).     * Expectations Management Matrix: Ithuluzi lokuqonda umthelela wokushintsha kwemingcele (Cost, Schedule, Scope/Quality). Kumele kube ne-$X$ eyodwa emugqeni nasekholomu ngayinye phakathi kwe-"Max or Min", "Constrain", ne-"Accept".     * Critical Path Analysis (CPA): Inqubo yokuthola indlela ende kunazo zonke kuphrojekthi.
8. Activity 8 – Assess Project Results and Experiences: Ukuhlola ukuthi umkhiqizo ugcine uhlangabezane yini nezidingo zomsebenzisi, ukuthi ufike ngesikhathi yini, nokuthi usabelo-mali silandelwe yini.

Izithombe Namashadi

• PERT Chart Example: Ibonisa imisebenzi efana ne-Scope Definition, Problem Analysis, Requirements Analysis, nencika yawo.
• Statement of Work (SOW): Inikeza imininingwane ephelele njenge-Project Goal, Deliverables, Constraints (Start date, Deadlines, Budget), ne-Risks.
• Progress Report Outline: Kuhlanganisa i-Summary of progress (schedule, budget, scope), Activity analysis (tasks completed), ne-New problems/issues.