APUSH Exam Review Notes

Period 1 (1491-1607)

• 5% of the course.
• Bering Land Bridge: How Native Americans arrived in America.
• Agriculture led to sedentary lifestyles, especially maize.
• DBQ on Period 1 or 2? No.
• Multiple-choice questions.
• Short answer questions.
• Period two might be part of a long essay question.
• AP Exam Structure:
  • 55 minutes, 55 multiple-choice questions.
  • Read questions first, then look for context clues in excerpts.
  • Beware of distractors.
  • Answer all questions.
  • 40 minutes for three short answer questions (choose two).
  • Elements a, b, and c are graded separately.
  • Document Based Question (DBQ) - 25% of score (no choice).
  • Use at least four documents.
  • Develop a thesis.
  • List topics to address the prompt.
  • Use one historical thinking skill for each document (context, purpose, point of view).
  • Long essay questions (choose one of three).

Mesoamerican Empires

• Aztec (tribute).
• Taken over by Spain in the 1500s.
• Mound Builders (Mississippian).
• Iroquois (confederacy).
• Southwest tribes (Anasazi, Hohokam).

Native American Characteristics

• Strict division of labor.
• Conflict with Europeans over land ownership.
• Reasons for European Colonization:
  • Renaissance, better technology, faster ships, better maps.
  • Desire to go east to Asia.
  • Spanish colonization (Columbian Exchange and Encomienda).
  • Spanish thought they could enslave the Native Americans and in turn provide them with Christianity.
  • Las Casas criticized the Encomienda system.
  • Repartimiento (reforms).

French Colonization

• Fur trade.
• Best relationship with Native Americans.

Dutch Colonization

• Commercial Network.

English/British Colonization (1607-1733)

• 13 colonies established on the East Coast.
• Southern Colonies:
  • Jamestown (first successful colony).
  • Found tobacco instead of gold.
  • John Smith (governor): "He who doesn't work, doesn't eat."
  • Conflict with Native Americans (Powhatan).
  • Indentured servants worked for 5-7 years.
  • Slavery introduced in 1619 (Middle Passage).
  • Bacon's Rebellion (conflict over Native American policy).
  • Slavery increased throughout the 1700s.
  • Spread out, little community, taxes to the Church of England.

Colonial Self-Government:

• All 13 colonies had self-government.
• Chesapeake Society (Maryland & Virginia): Spread out, no community, few landowners.
• Act of Religious Toleration (Maryland - safe place for Catholics).

New England Colonies

• Founded for religious reasons.
• Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620 (Mayflower Compact).
• Puritans founded Massachusetts in 1630 (John Winthrop: "City on a Hill").
• Dissenters expelled (Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson founded Rhode Island).
• Settled closer together, families, professions, money.
• Puritans had public education.
• Salem Witch Trials decreased Puritan influence.
• First Great Awakening led to more faiths.

Middle Colonies (Mid-Atlantic)

• New Netherlands (Dutch), New Amsterdam (city), taken over by English (New York).
• New Jersey owned by Duke of York.
• Pennsylvania (Quakers - William Penn).
• Delaware.

Colonial Life

• Autonomy due to Salutary Neglect.
• Mercantilism: Making money for the mother country.
• Salutary Neglect: Ignored by Britain until the Revolutionary War.
• Enlightenment: Logic and reason.
• Great Awakening: Emotion (Jonathan Edwards).
• Colonists loyal to Britain until after the French and Indian War.

Period 2 (1607-1754) and Period 3 (1754-1800)

• Expect multiple-choice and SAQ, perhaps part of an LAQ.
• French and Indian War (1754-1763): France vs. Britain.
• Native Americans played a role (Iroquois helped British).
• Colonists fought for Britain (went into debt).
• Treaty of Paris (Britain gained land, France lost).
• Effects of the French and Indian War: indirectly led to the Revolutionary War.
• Proclamation of 1763 (colonists couldn't move west - ignored).
• Buildup to Revolutionary War (1763-1775).

Acts

• Sugar Act (indirect tax, vice admiralty courts).
• Stamp Act (direct tax). Led to boycotts, Stamp Act Congress, Sons/Daughters of Liberty.
• Townshend Acts (sales taxes). Led to non-importation agreements, protests.
• Boston Massacre (propaganda).
• Tea Act -> Tea Party (1773).
• Intolerable Acts -> First Continental Congress.
• The Association (non-importation agreements).
• Committees of Correspondence.

Revolutionary War (1775-1783)

• Started at Lexington and Concord.
• Washington appointed commander.
• French assistance was key.
• Enslaved people and Native Americans fought for the British (promised freedom).
• Saratoga: Turning point that led the French to enter the war.
• Yorktown: British surrender.
• Patriots (independence supporters) vs. Loyalists (Britain supporters).
• Change over time: slow shift towards supporting independence.
• Treaty of Paris (1783): American independence recognized, gained Northwest Territory.

Articles of Confederation

• First written plan of government (intentionally weak).
• One branch of government, couldn't tax, states held power.
• Shays' Rebellion (led to Constitutional Convention).

Constitutional Convention

• Great Compromise: House of Representatives and Senate.
• Electoral College.
• Power held by the people.
• Three-Fifths Compromise.
• Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

• Federalists: Pro-Constitution.
• Anti-Federalists: Against (no Bill of Rights).
• Federalist Papers (John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison).
• Constitution effective since 1789.

Washington and Federalist Era

• Washington & Adams = Federalist Era
• Washington didn't like political parties.
• Washington's precedents: Cabinet, Hamilton's economic plan (funding at par, assumption of debt, Bank of US, excise taxes, tariffs).
• Neutrality as a foreign policy.
• Jay's Treaty: Most Favored Nation status with Britain.
• Pinckney's Treaty: Positive, access to deposit shipments in New Orleans.
• Treaty of Greenville: Unfortunate precedent with Native American tribes (annuity not paid).
• Whiskey Rebellion: Showed strength of the federal government.
• Washington's foreign policy and Hamilton's economic policy led to Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.
• Federalists: Strong central government, manufacturing economy, led by elite.
• Democratic-Republicans: Agrarianism, strong state governments, states' rights (Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions - nullification).
• Washington's Farewell Address: Urges nationalism, warns against sectionalism, political parties, and foreign alliances (except trade).

Period 4 (1800-1848)

• Jefferson, Madison, Monroe presidencies.
• Election of 1800 (peaceful transfer of power).
• Jefferson = first Democratic-Republican president.
• Louisiana Purchase: Expanded presidential powers.
• Marbury vs. Madison (John Marshall - judicial review).

War of 1812

• Long term causes: Impressment, Native American unrest (Tecumseh).
• First declared war by Congress.
• Britain VS USA
• Ended in a draw (Treaty of Ghent).
• Pride, Federalists faded away, economically self-sufficient.
• James Monroe presidency (Virginia Dynasty).
• Missouri Compromise: Band-aid, issue of slavery, expansion.
• American System (Henry Clay): Tariffs, infrastructure, transportation, manufacturing.
• Lowell Girls: Early attempt at a labor union.
• Effects of the Market Revolution:
  • Transportation + manufacturing.
  • Cities grew, economic interdependence, first wave of immigration (old immigrants - Ireland, Britain, Germany; fleeing famine, conflict).
  • Irish settled in the Northeast, British/Germans/Swedes in the Midwest.
  • Chinese immigration too.
  • Women started working outside the home.
  • Debates over slavery.
• Monroe Doctrine: Europe couldn't colonize in the Western Hemisphere.

Jacksonian Democracy

• Changes in politics, voting (elective franchise).
• No longer had to own land to vote.
• Spoil system = appoint his buddies to office.
• Rotation office = where the secretaries would only serve two years.
• Indian Removal Act + Worcester vs. Georgia (ignored).
• Trail of Tears continued under Martin Van Buren.
• Nullification Crisis (South Carolina threatened to leave).
• Lowered the tariff.
• Vetoed the bank (Panic of 1837 = depression).
• Opposition to Jackson led to the Whig Party.
• Whigs (1832-1852).

Second Great Awakening

• Church leading to social reform movements.
• Finney led the burned-over district.
• Salvation leading to reform movements.
• Temperance (limit alcohol).
• Utopias (Brook Farm).
• Treatment of mentally ill (Dorothea Dix).
• Education (Horace Mann).
• Transcendentalists (Thoreau).
• Women’s rights closely linked to abolitionism.
• Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions.
• Women able to keep private property (but no right to vote).
  *

Abolitionism

• Methods used violent + nonviolent.
• Nat Turner's failed revolt in 1831.
• Garrison + Frederick Douglass (North Star newspaper, published The Liberator).
• Symbolism of Underground Railroad.
• Many third parties emerged arguing against slavery.
• Second Great Awakening led to new denominations -Unitarians, Universalists, Mormons (Joseph Smith), African Methodist Episcopal Church (Richard Allen).
• Pushing to the Civil War, moving West (West Coast).
• Manfest Destiny = belief he had god-given right to expand West.
• Height, if you will, of Manifest Destiny.

Period 5

• (1844-1877)
• Texas was added prior to the Mexican American War.
• James k Polk supported Manifest Destiny.
• Mexican American War: (We wanted land/Mexico didn’t want to sell) second war declared by congress under the constitution.
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
• Eighteen fifties: road to the civil war.
• Compromise of 1850, banned slave auctions in Washington DC/Had a more stringent fugitive slave act, traffic on an underground railroad increased.
• Kansas Nebraska act led to the mini civil war in Kansas.
• Popular sovereignty highlighted.
• Dred Scott case was a setback for the abolitionist movement/overturned all of the previous decisions.
• John brown’s raid was the failed slaver ball, and then Lincoln was elected in 1860/May wanna write Lincoln where it says election 1860.
• Lincoln/Political Party Republican, was the first successful Republican candidate.
• The Confederacy was established and seven states broke off and later would comprise 11.

Civil War

• Nineteenth century = Place holder/Anchor/Civil War was 1861/1865 Highlighted where it says Civil War started at the years.
• Expanded the powers of the presidency, he suspended habeas corpus also called for 75,000 volunteers after fort Sumter, and also instituted martial law in the four border states.
• Emancipation Proclamation Change the purpose of the civil war to have African American soldiers to officially join the Union Army and advance labor in the confederacy.
• All the advantages of the north/manufacturing, railroads, weapons production, soldiers with population/south home core advantage better marksmen and also very united in the purpose.
• Vicksburg and Gettysburg/ Antietam, led Lincoln to issue Emancipation Proclamation.
• Britain or France/no not join to side.
• Three documents people and you have the people for the people the no sacrifice/Honor the men who had given their lives.
• Lincoln/ Second Inaugural address/ he said with malice toward none with charity for all.

Reconstruction

• (1865 to 1877)/
• Three different plans (Presidential reconstruction/Lincoln and Johnson radical republican reconstruction)/Three Amendment
• Citizenship= Four teen Amendment/African-American male suffrage over age 21 fifteenth/ Abolish, slavery everywhere in United States thirteenth.
• Fifteenth amendment led to split in women's rights groups
• ( congress or radical republican reconstruction= means the same thing)/Andrew Johnson’s was impeached Firing/Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, he was acquitted.
• States: Were required to ratify or teen and fifteen amendments upon when they were readmitted the 11 confedrate states.
• It ended very suddenly: Was post construction of 18 seventy six where Rutherford Hayes/compromise. The laws emerged, was separate
• Plessy case was separate but equal doctrine that was overturned/brown case (Ideas of Booker t Washington w.e.b du bois and Ida Wells/ Helpin the NAACP in 1909.
• Spanish American War/ People went west post reasons:
• Homestead act/Up to 163 acres pacific railway act/ Transcontinental Railroad for Shore.
• Native Americans were impact: Assimilation
• Halen Hunt Jackson century:of dishonor
• Put start by populace party William/Jennings Bryan with farmers: Because type of economy exist: Laissez flare/Laissez faire economist/rise of business.
• South: Henry Grady Name:Called for industrialization to come.
• Rise of big business: Laissez flare/monopoly= Control and control quality production on workers.
• Big business/monopoly- -To- Lair Unions:

Period 6

• New immigrants: Boss tweed and Tianny Hall you want to highlight and you want to highlight the Gilled age and you can do the dates.
• Part of unit one b is only under period =6/ Part of it is on the period = 7/part under 6/ Angels Ellis Island.
• Massive explosion new immigration (jobs) Easy traveled to Travel: relative
• South and Eastern Europe to come
• Urbanization with population problems; Were Problems: lack of sanitation/clean water, solutions sanitization/chlorination tore down tenements: Under journalism. Were journalist: were undercover journalism ( Muckrakers). Jacob reces
• Culturally read papers and magazines: Know the jungle Up in Cinclare; Pure Food and Drug and Meat inspection to the right. Progreessive movenmtn focus on social reforms.

Period 7

• Focus, if you will, progressive movement was 19 1920 (7%weight)
• Social/reforms/child labor/prohibition/women suffrage/(failed), social, moral, economic
• Women /middle class reformers, Jane Adams hold has government
• Initiative Us proposed bill/referendum worth remove recalls/direct senator 17 and men Australian ballot. Pendleton Civil Service Act Federal level level has to take test/scientific management. Frederick taylor every did his job
• 16 amendment federal taxes federal income tax /Federal trade//tariffs
• The Square Deal - Conservation/consumer protection/conservation =conservation preservartion John Muir, conservation preservation Wiliam Taft (prostitute more trusts/ Wood Wilison Federal reserve and Tariffs/ Lowered, reacted to goal.
• manifest /naval to trade.social darwision manufacturing. First Successful Alaska Hawaii waring spain gained porto rico treaty.
• Ross corollary secret munroe/ Dollar diplomacy./Wilson military morality/ Moral/militar Wilson the Rose Corollary 1949/1918.
• Allies power zimmermon note/selective sersitce act the Sedion and Esponise act. Put STAR Great mirgration.
• Wilson 14 ponts paln and League of nation/ We not and joined league nation/ Post work scare compare and nineteen fifty to restrictive

1920

• Entertainment /movies Celebrity Sports Radio- /nineteen post workd war.women changed. Harlom renesences writers specially lingstin heus/.Marcus univrsal. The arguments modernists hyp being skills modernists/fundamentalists: The scrops returned laissez flaring
• (the crashes, overprodution/weak fanimly, transicment:

New Deal

• Fireside/program/social
• We can back to work lower rate restore. We still to day, activitist lade eleanor and the coalition.
• .WW /39 to 2 allies and asix/.involved unofficially/cashy//when harbor harbor.12/7/41 .FDR/ Churchill met discuss goal enter. Home what/Work women FACTRoIES.
• theater EUropean and pacific/D days//interment japans americans/His panic American/Strong ands arm came just not Post W W. Woman Join Roases Retiverer/ growth that started/. Serving campaign Catalyst.
• I would put bigger stat by that legacy technology POST Role wrold Government Scoope Agencyies DEFINITLEY POST warr towns SuBurBS TELEVISTion/ Middle managemenet cold war

Cold War

• (45 to 91)//Democracy bad, commiunism bad
• T Truman/kennal/ secretary Truman SOVAIT UNION
• Marshall plan to help france and greece
• Berlin airlift/ hearing/commune
• TRUMAN DO/KOREA/Helpe South Korea\Fair Deal expansoin to Commit and Eisenhower InteserstatE HIGH Domina one county BE Come commusit will
• /VIET NAME War send money trained green barton under Jonsend more. McArthur Falsly accusing civil movement 45 /civil civil civil rigth.
  *. treatn desegrgate extuive, Brown NON BoyCOTTS fedral goverment protect Roc K.
• (scle SNC SNCC sittns FreedoM I can grass and prsideen. Proprotecting James /proposal civiir, bieming and Dream (1064) education baised.
• (1965 triple voteres (70)
• /VOTE summer of 614 Banned Sale Renta and housing to previously dsimcriation Fielldan. Cazer Chauv, Ezier non viloenc Hunger strkes boys grape reomred aim laws named aierican.Rachel spring and mederm envirmnt. Caredy (0103)( 613)Trade peace Acy women reciev the same eal cubi messie
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