C1 atomic structure

1.1

  • elements are organised on the periodic table, each element is made up of different type of atom
  • NaCl is a compound, two or more compounds that have chemically bonded

1.2

  • atoms can’t be made or destroyed only created, law of conservation of mass

1.3

  • separating mixtures:
    • filtration - using a funnel it separates insoluble solid from a solvent
    • crystallisation - separates soluble solids from the solvent, salt from salt solutions
    • distillation - separates the solvent from the soluble substance that was dissolved into it, usable water from seawater

1.4

  • in fractional distillation the liquid with the lowest boiling point is collected as it evaporates easier and faster
  • paper chromatography can be used to separate food dyes

1.5

  • Thomson proposed the plum pudding model, suggests negative charge is embedded into the positive charge
  • Bohr said the negative charge was orbiting around the nucleus
  • with new technology and experiments proving/ disproving theories, the model has changed over the years

1.6

  • know all this, common sense

1.7

  • an atom becomes a positive ion by losing electrons
  • isotopes have the same everything except the number of neutrons (changes the top number)

1.8

  • 13 electrons = 2,8,3
  • 14 electrons = 2,8,4
  • in group 2 the outer shell has 2 electrons

Summary test

  1. elements = Ca and Ne

    the rest are compounds or mixtures

  2. H2 +Cl2 → 2HCl

    hydrogen + chlorine → hydrogen chloride

  3. fractional distillation

  4. the amount of electrons they have on the outer shell and their rate of reactivity

  5. protons, neutrons, electrons

    protons = mass 1, charge +1

    electrons = mass 1/2000, charge -1

    neutrons = mass 1, charge 0

  6. crystallisation, heat the solvent and soluble substance until half the liquid is gone or crystals are starting to form. Then take of heat and warm slowly to produce crystals (otherwise you get a powder)

    1. they have 2 electrons on their outer shells
      1. they are isotopes and have a different number of neutrons
    2. Thomson said the negative charge was embedded into the positive