CSC 101 Study Notes

CSC 101 Introduction to Computer Science

Course Outline

  • Introduction

    • Describe the computer and its related attributes.

    • Provide a brief history and evolution of computing.

    • Identify and explain the major components of a computer system.

    • Distinguish between hardware, software, and humanware.

    • Understand the functions of input/output devices and peripherals.

    • Explain information processing and its roles in modern society.

    • Explore the Internet, its applications, and global impact.

    • Recognize the diverse and growing applications of computing in everyday life.

    • Identify different areas of the computing discipline.

    • Discuss the roles and specializations of computing professionals.

    • Understand current trends and predict future directions in computing.

    • Perform basic practical tasks using standard computing tools and Internet applications.

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

  • Importance of Computing

    • Central to modern technological advancement.

    • Dependency across various sectors: education, healthcare, business, government, and entertainment.

DEFINITION OF A COMPUTER

  • Origin of the Term

    • Derived from "compute", meaning "to calculate".

  • Definition: A computer is an electronic device that:

    • Accepts data (input).

    • Processes data according to specified rules (process).

    • Produces results (output).

    • Stores the results for future use (storage).

  • Capabilities:

    • Accept input via keyboard (input unit).

    • Store data in various media (diskette, hard disk).

    • Process data in the Central Processing Unit (CPU).

    • Output results via Visual Display Unit (VDU).

DATA AND INFORMATION

  • Concepts:

    • Data: Unprocessed items, which can be text, numbers, images, audio, or video.

    • Example: 120, John, 01/01/2025.

    • Information: Processed, organized, or structured data that is meaningful and useful.

  • Differences:

    • Nature: data can be unstructured; information is always organized.

    • Dependence: data does not rely on information, but information is reliant on data.

    • Measurement: data measured in bits and bytes; information measured in meaningful units.

    • Meaning: data lacks context without processing; information aids in decision-making and understanding.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS

  • Speed: Processes millions of instructions per second; performs tasks faster than humans.

  • Accuracy: High level of precision based on instructions and type of machine.

  • Diligence: Does not suffer from tiredness or lack of focus.

  • Reliability and Consistency: Consistent performance regardless of workload.

  • Storage Capability: Large internal and external storage capacity.

  • Versatility: Can perform a wide range of tasks simultaneously.

  • Cost Effectiveness: Reduces paperwork and human effort.

  • Resource Sharing: Enables sharing of resources like printers and data across systems.

  • Automation: Can perform complex tasks automatically to enhance productivity.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

  • Methods of Classification:

    • Functionality/Type of Data Processing.

    • Purpose/Degree of Specialization.

    • Size.

Classification Based on Functionality

  • Analog Computer: Handles continuously variable data using physical quantities. Examples include speedometers and thermometers.

  • Digital Computer: Operates on discrete numbers (binary). Examples: PCs, smartphones.

  • Hybrid Computer: Combines analog and digital features. Example: Patient monitoring systems.

Classification Based on Purpose/Degree of Specialization

  • Special Purpose Computer: Designed for specific tasks. Examples: gaming consoles, ATMs.

  • General Purpose Computer: Can perform a range of tasks. Examples: personal computers, laptops.

Classification Based on Size

  • Microcomputers: General-purpose, user-friendly devices. Examples: desktops, laptops.

  • Minicomputers: Support multiple users, medium-scale tasks. Examples: PDP-II, VAX 7500.

  • Mainframe Computers: Handle vast data for large organizations. Examples: IBM 360, UNIVAC.

  • Supercomputers: Extremely powerful; handle complex tasks. Examples: CRAY, PARAM.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS

  • Automation of tasks beyond human capability.

  • Quick organization and backup of data.

  • Facilitates remote work, saving time and resources.

  • Enables global communication.

  • Supports faster data transfer and transaction processes.

LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTERS

  • Require clear and complete instructions.

  • Lack of independent thinking or decision-making abilities.

  • Cannot learn from experience directly.

UNIT 2: BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTING

The Mechanical Era (Pre 20th Century)

  • Counting Tools: Early forms of computation using fingers or stones.

  • Abacus (c. 3000 BC): Early calculating device.

  • Napier’s Bones (1617), Slide Rule (1632), Pascal’s Calculator (1642), Leibniz’s Step Reckoner (1673), Jacquard Loom (1801): Key inventions that paved the way for modern computers.

The Analytical Engine (19th Century)

  • Charles Babbage (1822-1837): Developed concepts for the Analytical Engine, regarded as a precursor to modern computers.

  • Ada Lovelace: Collaborated with Babbage; recognized as the first computer programmer.

Electromechanical and Early Electronic Era (1930s-1950s)

  • Electromechanical Computers: Zuse Z3 (1941) used relays.

  • ENIAC (1945): First general-purpose electronic computer using vacuum tubes.

  • Stored-program architecture: Introduced with EDSAC and EDVAC.

  • UNIVAC I (1951): First commercial computer.

COMPUTER GENERATIONS

  1. First Generation (1940s-1950s): Vacuum tubes for circuitry.

  2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Transistors; more efficient.

  3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated circuits.

  4. Fourth Generation (1970s-Present): Microprocessors.

  5. Fifth Generation (Present-Future): Focus on AI and quantum computing.

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS/COMPUTING MILESTONES

  • 1642: Blaise Pascal develops the first functional automatic calculator.

  • 1890: Herman Hollerith designs punch-card system for the U.S. Census.

  • 1936: Alan Turing conceptualizes the Turing machine.

  • 1945: ENIAC introduced.

  • May 1949: EDSAC runs its first program.

  • 1954: Creation and publication of FORTRAN.

  • 1981: IBM’s first personal computer released at $1,565.

UNIT 3: BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION/ COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

Von Neumann Architecture

  • Information Processing Cycle: Input → Processing → Storage → Output.

COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

  • Input Unit: Converts user data into machine-readable format.

  • Central Processing Unit (CPU):

    • Responsible for executing instructions; comprises ALU, CU, and memory unit.

    • Fetch-Decode-Execute-Store cycle for processing instructions.

    • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.

    • Control Unit (CU): Coordinates tasks and manages instruction execution.

    • Memory Unit: Temporary and permanent data storage.

    • Types:

      • Primary (RAM, ROM, Cache): Fast access, temporary storage.

      • Secondary: Permanent storage (HDD, SSD, CDs).

  • Motherboard: Central PCB housing critical components and connectors.

  • SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply): Provides power to components.