Paper 1 (Two-hour exam):
- Topics:
- Germany 1890-1945
- Conflict and Tension 1918-1945
Paper 2 (Two-hour exam):
- Topics:
- Elizabethan England 1568-1603
- Britain: Health and the People c1000 – present day
Paper 1: Germany 1890-1945
Part One: Germany and the Growth of Democracy
Kaiser Wilhelm and the Difficulties of Ruling Germany:
- Growth of parliamentary government.
- Influence of Prussian militarism.
- Industrialization's impact.
- Social reforms and the growth of socialism.
- Domestic importance of the Navy Laws.
Impact of the First World War:
- War weariness and economic problems.
- Defeat leading to the end of the monarchy.
- Post-war problems including:
- Reparations
- Occupation of the Ruhr
- Hyperinflation.
Weimar Democracy:
- Political change and unrest (1919–1923).
- Key events: Spartacists, Kapp Putsch, and Munich Putsch.
- Recovery during the Stresemann era (1924–1929):
- Economic developments: New currency, Dawes Plan, Young Plan.
- Impact of international agreements on recovery.
- Contributions to Weimar culture.
Part Two: Germany and the Depression
Impact of the Depression:
- Growth in support for the Nazis and other extremist parties (1928–1932).
- Role of the SA in increasing Hitler's appeal.
Failure of Weimar Democracy:
- Analysis of election results.
- Role of Papen and Hindenburg.
- Hitler's appointment as Chancellor.
Establishment of Hitler's Dictatorship:
- Key events: Reichstag Fire, Enabling Act.
- Elimination of political opposition, trade unions.
- Rohm and the Night of the Long Knives.
- Hitler becomes Führer.
Part Three: The Experiences of Germans Under the Nazis
Economic Changes:
- Benefits and drawbacks of policies: employment and public works programs.
- Focus on rearmament and self-sufficiency.
- Impact of war on the economy: bombings, rationing, labor shortages, refugees.
Social Policy and Practice:
- Reasons for policies affecting women, young people, and youth groups.
- Control of education, churches, and religion.
- Implementation of Aryan ideas, racial policy, persecution; the Final Solution.
Control measures:
- Goebbels’ use of propaganda and censorship.
- Establishment of Nazi culture and the police state.
- Roles of Himmler, the SS, Gestapo.
- Examples of opposition and resistance: White Rose group, Swing Youth, Edelweiss Pirates, July 1944 bomb plot.
Conflict and Tension 1918-1935
Part One: Peacemaking
The Armistice:
- Aims of the peacemakers (Wilson, Clemenceau, Lloyd George).
- Evaluation of the extent to which they achieved their aims.
The Versailles Settlement:
- Diktat and its implications: territorial changes, military restrictions.
- Discussion of war guilt and reparations.
Impact of the Treaty and Wider Settlement:
- Reactions from Allies; German objections.
- Strengths and weaknesses of the settlement, including issues faced by new states.
Part Two: The League of Nations and International Peace
Formation and Operations of the League of Nations:
- Its covenant and organization.
- Membership changes and powers.
- Work of the League's agencies and contributions to peace in the 1920s.
Successes and Failures of the League:
- Specific case studies: Aaland Islands, Upper Silesia, Vilna, Corfu, Bulgaria.
Diplomacy Outside the League:
- Locarno treaties, Kellogg-Briand Pact.
Collapse of the League:
- Effects of the Depression; Manchurian and Abyssinian crises.
- Consequences of the League's failures leading to war in 1939.
Part Three: The Origins and Outbreak of the Second World War
Development of Tension:
- Overview of Hitler's aims and Allied reactions; significant events such as Dollfuss Affair, Saar.
- German rearmament, including conscription; Stresa Front; Anglo-German Naval Agreement.
Escalation of Tension:
- Key events: Remilitarization of the Rhineland; Mussolini's actions; Axis and Anti-Comintern Pact;
- Anschluss and Sudeten Crisis leading to Munich Agreement.
- Considerations for and against the policy of appeasement.
Outbreak of War:
- Occupation of Czechoslovakia; role of the USSR and Nazi-Soviet Pact.
- Invasion of Poland as the catalyst for war, September 1939.
- Key individuals' responsibilities: Hitler, Stalin, Chamberlain.
Paper 2: Elizabethan England 1568-1603
Part One: Elizabeth's Court and Parliament
Elizabeth I and Her Court:
- Background and character of Elizabeth I; insights into court life.
- Discuss the importance of patronage and key ministers.
Difficulties of a Female Ruler:
- Relations with Parliament and challenges of marriage and succession.
- Evaluation of Elizabeth’s authority towards the end of her reign; impact of Essex’s rebellion in 1601.
Part Two: Life in Elizabethan Times
A ‘Golden Age’:
- Examination of living standards, fashions; rise of gentry and prosperity.
- Analysis of the Elizabethan theatre and its cultural significance.
The Poor:
- Factors leading to an increase in poverty.
- Government attitudes and responses to poverty; seriousness of the issue leading to action.
English Sailors:
- Contributions of Hawkins and Drake; circumnavigation from 1577–1580, significant voyages and trade.
- Role of Raleigh in expansion.
Part Three: Troubles at Home and Abroad
Religious Matters:
- The religious landscape: tensions between English Catholicism and Protestantism.
- Key events: Northern Rebellion, Elizabeth's excommunication, and Catholic plots that threatened the Elizabethan settlement.
Mary Queen of Scots:
- Historical background; treatment of Mary by Elizabeth and Parliament.
- Significant challenges posed by Mary; key plots leading to her execution and subsequent impacts.
Conflict with Spain:
- Reasons behind the conflict; major events including naval warfare and technological advancements.
- Analysis of the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
Part Four: The Historic Environment of Elizabethan England
Historic Environment Question:
- Focus on Hardwick Hall for the 16-mark question in exams.
- Need for evidence about Hardwick Hall and contextual knowledge, including Bess of Hardwick, Countess of Shrewsbury.
Health and the People 1000-present
Part One: Medicine Stands Still
Medieval Medicine:
- Explore approaches including natural and supernatural beliefs; fundamentals of Hippocratic and Galenic methods and treatments.
- Role and training of the medieval doctor; common beliefs about causes of illness.
Medical Progress:
- Contributions of Christianity to advancements in treatment; significance of hospitals, Islamic medicine, and surgical techniques in medieval times.
Public Health in the Middle Ages:
- Role of towns and monasteries; analysis of the Black Death in Britain, associated beliefs about its causes, treatments, and prevention methods.
Part Two: The Beginnings of Change
Impact of the Renaissance on Britain:
- Challenges to medical authority in anatomy, physiology, and surgery.
- Key figures: Vesalius, Paré, William Harvey; recognition of opposition to change.
Dealing with Disease:
- Overview of traditional vs. new treatment methods; emergence of quackery, growth of hospitals; changes in surgeon and physician training.
- Contributions from John Hunter.
Prevention of Disease:
- Development of inoculation; Edward Jenner's work on vaccination and challenges to acceptance.
Part Three: A Revolution in Medicine
Germ Theory Development:
- Importance of Pasteur and Robert Koch; advancements in microbe hunting, vaccinations, and the role of Paul Ehrlich in developing 'magic bullets'.
- Overview of everyday medical treatments and remedies.
Revolution in Surgery:
- Innovations in anaesthetics, particularly Simpson and chloroform; introduction of antiseptics, led by Lister and carbolic acid.
- Significant surgical procedures and the emergence of aseptic surgery.
Improvements in Public Health:
- Explore public health issues in industrial Britain, including cholera epidemics; contributions of reformers.
- Government involvement in public health reform; implications of the 1848 and 1875 Public Health Acts.
Part Four: Modern Medicine
Contemporary Treatment of Disease:
- Expansion of the pharmaceutical industry; important contributions from penicillin, discovered by Fleming, and its subsequent developments.
- Challenges of new diseases and antibiotic resistance; role of alternative treatments.
War and Technology's Impact on Surgery:
- Evolution of techniques in plastic surgery, blood transfusions, X-rays, and transplant surgery.
- Analysis of modern surgical methods, including lasers, radiation therapy, and keyhole surgery.
Modern Public Health:
- Role of significant figures such as Booth and Rowntree; consequences of the Boer War.
- Overview of Liberal social reforms, impacts of the two world wars on public health, and housing conditions.
- Discussion of the Beveridge Report and the establishment and evolution of the National Health Service; current issues regarding costs, choices, and healthcare in the 21st century.
Importance of Factors Influencing Health and Medicine
Recognition of the following factors and their significance in the evolution of medicine:
- War
- Superstition and Religion
- Chance
- Government
- Communication
- Science and Technology
- The Role of the Individual in Encouraging or Inhibiting Change.