hormones

Hormones of the Primary Endocrine Organs -- Production and Function

Hypothalamus – tropins are releasing hormones, statins are inhibiters

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone​​Stimulates the release of Thyroid-Stimulating ​ (TRH)​​​​​​Hormone by the Anterior Pituitary Gland

Adrenocorticotropin-Releasing Hormone​Stimulates the release of Adrenocorticotropic  (CRH)​​​​​​Hormone by the Anterior Pituitary Gland

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone​​Stimulates the release of Luteinizing Hormone and (GnRH)​​​​​Follicle Stimulating Hormone by the Anterior ​​​​​​​Pituitary Gland

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone​Stimulates the Anterior Pituitary Gland to release (GHRH)​(Somatotropin)​​Human Growth Hormone

Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone​Inhibits the Anterior Pituitary from secreting     (SS)​​(Somatostatin)​​​Growth Hormone

​​​​​​Also inhibits production of Gastrin, Secretin, ​​​​​​​Glucagon, others

Prolactin Inhibiting Factor​​​Inhibits the release of Prolactin by the Pituitary (PIF)​​​​​​Gland; stops milk production in the mammary ​​​​​​​glands

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone​​Stimulates the Thyroid Gland to release T3 and T4

(TSH)​​(Thyrotropin)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone​​Stimulates the cortex of the Adrenal glands to (ACTH)​​​​​release many of its hormones (cortisol) – not Aldosterone

Growth Hormone​​​​Stimulates growth of bones and muscles; increases (GH) (HGH)​(Somatotropin)​​mitosis in organs; promotes metabolism of ​​​​​​​​macromolecules

Prolactin​​​​​ Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands; ​​​​​​promotes maternal behaviors

Luteinizing Hormone (a Gonadotropin)​in Ovaries, stimulates release of estrogen by       (LH)​​​​​​Granulosum cells and testosterone by Theca cells

​​​​​​in Testes, produces testosterone in the Leydig cells ​​​​​​​and estrogen, Androgen Binding Protein (ABP), and ​​​​​​Inhibin in the Sertoli cells

Follicle Stimulating Hormone​​​in Ovaries, promotes oogenesis via meiosis and (FSH)​(a Gonadotropin)​​​maturation of ovarian follicles

​​​​​​in Testes, promotes spermiogenesis; stimulates ​​​​​​​Sertoli cells to produce Androgen Binding Protein

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone​​targets melanocytes for increased melanin     (MSH)​(intermediate pituitary)​​production in the epidermis in response to sunlight ​​​​​​​exposure

Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)

Antidiuretic Hormone​​​ raises blood pressure by stimulating vasoconstriction and (ADH)​(Vasopressin)​​​targeting kidney nephrons to increase reabsorption of H2O ​​​​​​and reduce urine output

Oxytocin (also from the brain,​​targets uterus to stimulate uterus myometrial            ovaries, and testes)​​​​contractions for childbirth; stimulates ejection of ​​​​​​​milk from mammary glands; promotes parental care ​​​​​​of child in both sexes; released when people ​​​​​​​​experience intimate bonding

Pineal Gland (Epithalamus)

Melatonin​​​​​controls circadian rhythms (biological clock) for ​​​​​​​sleep/wake periods

Serotonin (also produced in the​​promotes peaceful, calm feelings; helps control stomach and intestines)​​​bowel movements, nausea, sleep, and wakefulness

Thyroid Gland

Thyroxine (T4 – four iodine mlcls)​​is the prohormone of T3; helps T3 control metabolic (tetraiodothyronine)​​​​functions throughout the body; 80%

Triiodothyronine  (T3)​​​with T4, sets metabolic rate for all cells; increases         (three iodine mlcls)​​​​heart rate, body temp., and bone growth; 20%

Also converted in liver and kidneys

Calcitonin​​​​​ lowers blood calcium levels – targets bones to (antagonist to Parathyroid Hormone)​​inhibit osteoclast activity; targets kidneys to reduce ​​​​​​​Ca reabsorption; indirectly reduces Ca absorption ​​​​​​​by small intestine

Parathyroid Gland

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)​​​raises blood calcium levels – stimulates osteoclast (antagonist to calcitonin)​​​activity; promotes reabsorption of Ca by kidney ​​​​​​​nephrons; promotes production of vitamin D in ​​​​​​kidneys for increased Ca absorption in small intestine

Adrenal Glands

Cortisol/ Glucocorticoids​​​targets body cells, especially liver, to promote (produced in cortex)​​​​conversion of lipids and proteins into glucose; ​​​​​​​provides an anti-inflammatory response as a ​​​​​​​​vasoconstrictor and histamine blocker; body’s ​​​​​​​response to chronic stress

Aldosterone (ALD)​​​​targets kidney nephrons to raise blood pressure by (produced in cortex)​​​​reabsorbing Na and causing vasoconstriction

Adrenaline/ Epinephrine​​​an acute stress response hormone; raises heart rate, (produced in medulla)​​​​blood pressure, breathing rate, and glucose ​​​​​​​​metabolism; dilates pupils and skeletal muscle ​​​​​​​blood vessels; decreases digestive and excretory ​​​​​​​functions; relaxes airways

Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine​​precursor to adrenaline; maintains blood pressure (90% produced in axons of SNS)​​but can increase it under stress; low levels in ​​​​​​​continuous circulation; most common ​​​​​​​​neurotransmitter in sympathetic nervous system

Estrogen/Testosterone​​​​aids in the functions of reproductive organs ​

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Hormones of the Secondary Endocrine Organs -- Production and Function

Liver

Angiotensinogen​​​​converted to Angiotensin I when interacting with ​​​​​​​Renin in response to low blood pressure

Blood

Angiotensin I​​​​​converted to Angiotensin II by Angiotensin-​​​​​​​​converting Enzyme; few effects on body

Lungs

Angiotensin II​​​​​response to low blood pressure – promotes ​​​​​​​​vasoconstriction, increases thirst and desire for salt, ​​​​​​​targets adrenal glands to release aldosterone

Pancreas

Insulin​​​​​​promotes uptake of blood glucose by body cells (produced by Beta cells)

Glucagon​​​​​targets Liver to catabolize glycogen into glucose (produced by Alpha cells)​​​and release it into the bloodstream

Stomach

Gastrin​ (also made in Duodenum)​​targets Parietal cells to produce HCL

Serotonin​​​​​stimulates smooth MT contractions in stomach wall

Ghrelin​​​​​targets Hypothalamus to stimulate appetite; also ​​​​​​​stimulates secretion of GH and promotes fat storage

Intrinsic Factor B12​​​​binds with Vitamin B12 so small intestine can ​​​​​​​absorb Vitamin B12

Duodenum

Secretin (also in the jejunum)​​​stimulus is acid in the duo; targets Pancreas and (produced by S cells)​​​​Gall Bladder to release bicarbonates

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Cholecystokinin​​​​stimuli are fats and proteins in the duo; stimulates (produced by I cells)​​​​release of bile from Gall Bladder and ​​​​​​​​digestive enzymes from the Pancreas

Adipose Connective Tissue

Leptin​​​​​​regulates body temperature through adipocyte ​​​​​​​metabolism; regulates long-term food intake and ​​​​​​​energy expenditure; often associated with the ​​​​​​​satiated response (I’m full)

Skin

Provitamin D3​(Cholecalciferol)​​stimulates uptake of calcium in the Duodenum

Heart

Atrial Natriuretic Factor​​​in response to high blood pressure – targets   (ANF)​​​​​​nephrons to inhibit reabsorption of Na; inhibits ​​​​​​​release of Renin and Aldosterone​

Kidneys

Renin (an enzyme)​​​​in response to low blood pressure – converts ​​​​​​​Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin; affects macula ​​​​​​​densa, juxtaglomerular arteries, and smooth muscle ​​​​​​​of afferent arterioles in the kidneys​

Erythropoietin​​​​​targets bone marrow to increase production of red ​​​​​​​blood cells

Thymus Gland

Thymosin​​​​​stimulates development of T-cells

Testes​

Testosterone​​​​​spermatogenesis;development of secondary sex (produced in Leydig cells)​​​characteristics; sex drive

Estrogen (made in Leydig cells)​​feed developing spermatocytes                  

Androgen Binding Protein​​​used for testosterone production in the Leydig cells (produced in Sertoli cells)

Inhibin​ (made in Sertoli cells)​​targets Anterior Pituitary to inhibit release of FSH​

Ovaries

Estrogen (produced in Granulosum cells)​used for oogenesis; promotes secondary sex ​​​​​​​​characteristics

Testosterone (produced in Theca cells)​promotes sex drive; is a precursor to estrogen and ​​​​​​​progesterone

Progesterone​​​​​secretion from Corpus Luteum prepares ​​​​​​​​endometrium for egg implantation; secretion from ​​​​​​​placenta helps maintain pregnancy and inhibits ​​​​​​​further egg release

Inhibin​ (produced in Granulosum cells)​targets Anterior Pituitary to inhibit release of FSH

Relaxin (also made in the Placenta)​​relaxes Uterus and dilates Cervix for childbirth

Uterus

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin​​in women, stimulates Corpus Luteum for       (HCG)​​​​​​progesterone production; in boys, causes testes to ​​​​​​​descend into the scrotum; in men, is used for sperm ​​​​​​​development