Gross Anatomy Final Exam Review 3

1. Diagram of cranium 

   1. Be able to identify bones such as the frontal, temporal

2. What type of muscle tissue causes vasoconstriction?

   1. Smooth muscle

3. Sternocleidomastoid muscles contract when flexed, the end of the muscle connecting the sternum is?

   1. the Origin (doesn’t move)

4. Tucking tummy in; vacuuming abdomen will use several muscles in this movement; it is an example of muscles working as _____

   1. Synergistic muscles

5. A type of muscle that resembles the shape of a feather:

   1. Pennate muscle

6. The 4 muscles of the rotator cuff  (SITS)

   1. Supraspinatus

   2. Infraspinatus

   3. Teres minor

   4. Subscapularis

7. What holds the head of the humerus within the glenoid fossa of the scapula?

   1. Rotator cuff muscles (SITS) hold in place

8. What are the muscles of the quad group in the femur? (4)

   1. Rectus femoris,

   2. Vastus medialis/lateralis/intermedius 

9. What part of the brain connects the medulla to the midbrain?

   1. Pons

10. Diagram of head & neck;

    1.  orbicularis oculi, etc

11. Patient has a lesion in the brain; tremors, disturbed fine motor control; what part of the brain is likely to be damaged?

    1. Cerebellum

12. A young patient is exhibiting retarted growth and the inability to regulate water and food intake, controlling appetite; what part of the brain is damaged?

    1. Hypothalamus

13. Lateral fissure separates?

    1. The temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal

14. Large C shape of matter separating bridge b/w both hemispheres:

    1. Corpus callosum 

15. In what space do we find CSF? 

    1. Subarachnoid

16. What does the cerebral aqueduct connect?

    1. 3rd and 4th ventricle

17. Patient has obstruction in inferior VC, hampering return of blood from what part of the body?

    1. Lower half of the body, limbs, abdomen, legs, pelvic cavity

18. Patient was hit by a baseball in the parotid area. He cannot close his eye and the corner of his mouth droops, indicative of what cranial nerve damage?

    1. Facial nerve VII

19. A patient hears a loud gunshot, what cranial nerve would be damaged?

    1. Vestibulocochlear VIII

20. You lick frosting, and it has an orange flavor. Which CN allows you to taste this?

    1. Facial nerve  VII

21. Diagram of brain dissected:

    1.  sagittal view, arbor vitae, corpus callosum, etc

22. Whole brain: 

    1. asking for lobes on diagrams.

23. Visceral organs supplied by internal iliac artery vs external iliac artery?

    1. Reproductive organs, rectum, bladder, etc

24. Lung and heart diagram;

    1.  pulmonary veins, trunk.

25. What vessel is often used to draw blood from a patient?

    1. Median cubital vein

26. Longest vein of the body?

    1. Great saphenous vein

27. After leaving the aorta, blood vessels go to what branch?

    1. In order, brachiocephalic left common carotid and left subclavian

28. What tissue around the eye must be cut away before dissecting the eye? 

    1. Adipose tissue

29. Diagram of Circle of willis (BVs) 

    1. legs, trunk, head top, eyes (internal carotid artery)

30. Cornea is relatively easy to transplant because?

    1. Avascular and easily accessible

31. Palpebrae is a name for what structure?

    1. Eyelids

32. Why does a person's nose run when crying?

    1. Nasal lacrimal ducts drain into the nasal cavity.

33. Which structure transmits vibration from the eardrum to the oval window?

    1. malleus, incus, stapes (ossicles) (middle ear)

34. Where is the sagittal suture located?

    1. b/w parietal lobes

35. Patient was diagnosed w/ pituitary tumor, where in the skull is it located?

    1. Sella turcica (sphenoid bone)

36. Patient is a 3 yr old boy, diagnosed w/ stenosis of foramen magnum; what would be affected?

    1. Spinal cord

37. First cervical vertebrae:

    1. C1 - atlas

38. Patient diagnosed w/ fractured dens/odontoid process, what is affected?

    1. C2 - axis

39. Which vertebra has superior articular facets facing posteriorly, long spinous processes pointing inferiorly, circular foramen?

    1. Thoracic vertebrae

40. Dr. informs you that the patient has fractured the most anterior part of the vertebra, what part is damaged?

    1. Body 

41. What condition results in failure of vertebral laminae to fuse?

    1. Spina bifida

42. Abnormal lateral curvature of spine is called?

    1. Scoliosis

43. Manubrium, body and xiphoid process are all parts of what structure?

    1. Sternum

44. A visual inspection of liver and gallbladder; it is associated w/ what type of anatomy?

    1. Gross anatomy

45. Vertical plane separating body into left / right portions:

    1. Sagittal plane

46. What type of membrane lines joint cavities?

    1. Synovial membrane

47. Diagram of body cavities; 

    1. about 5 questions and mesenteries…those of type things.

48. Retroperitoneal organs (on diagram) (body cavity)

    1. Stomach, adrenal gland, duodenum, pancreas, ureters, cecum, kidney, esophagus, rectum 

49. Bluish tinge of skin due to oxygen reduction is indicative of?

    1. Cyanosis

50. X-ray of a patient shows a fractured shaft of the humerus, what is the name for the shaft of a bone?

    1. Diaphysis

51. What do we call exaggerated curvature of the thoracic spine?

    1. Kyphosis

52. Which cranial bone forms the bony eyebrow ridges and roofs of the orbits?

    1. Frontal bone

53. Transverse foramina are found in which vertebrae?

    1. Cervical

54. Loss of height due to aging, is due to the compression of?

    1. intervertebral discs.

55. If a woman has a small pelvic outlet what issues would this cause?

    1. It will interfere w/ childbirth

56. Site where spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?

    1. Intervertebral foramen

57. Posterior / inferior projection of vertebrae is called?

    1. Spinous process

58. Lateral malleolus is part of which bone?

    1. Fibula

59. Largest and most superior coxal bone is?

    1. Ilium

60. Extensor pollicis brevis muscles moves what?

    1. Thumb

61. What are the fontanelles?

    1. Soft gaps in between cranial bones remaining until 2 y/o

62. Bulge of the calf is created by which muscles?

    1. Gastrocnemius and soleus 

63. Movement with 360 degrees, a combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction at a joint is called what?

1. Circumduction

64. Most commonly dislocated joint in body?

    1. Glenohumeral joint (shoulder)

65. Glenoid labrum is part of which joint? Acetabular labrum?

    1. Shoulder and hip

66. What type of pathology (bone) is caused by wear and tear of joints?

    1. Osteoarthritis 

67. Diagram:

    1. Child’s skull w/ fontalles 

68. Diagram of abdominal and chest region: 

    1. (pectoralis, serratus anterior, rectus abdominis etc)

69. When intramuscular injection is given in the anterior aspect of the thigh, the injection is given in what muscle?

    1. Rectus femoris (Lateral thigh would be vastus lateralis)

70. Muscles involved in normal inhalation: 

    1. Diaphragm; external intercostals  

71. Layer forming bulk of heart wall?

    1. Myocardium

72. Function of pericardial fluid?

    1. Reduce friction b/w pericardial membranes

73. Diminished blood flow in the heart causes damage to the heart, and is called?

    1. Myocardial infarction

74. Which vessel is attached to the right ventricle?

    1. Pulmonary trunk

75. What do we call structures connecting flaps of AV valves to papillary muscles?

    1. Chordae tendineae

76. Pacemaker of heart?

    1. SA node

77. What structure provides a rigid site for cardiac muscle attachment, reinforcement for valves, and electrical insulation b/w atria/ventricles?

    1. Cardiac skeleton

78. What is the innermost layer of blood vessel walls?

    1. Tunica intima

79. What are special capillaries supplying nutrients to the walls of blood vessels?

    1. Vasa Vasorum 

80. What condition is characterized by thickening of the intima and loss of elasticity?

    1. Arteriosclerosis

81. Blood vessel that supplies blood to diaphragm:

    1. Phrenic artery

82.  Best way of indicating peripheral circulation is checking pedal pulses…Where is this?

    1. Dorsalis pedis of foot

83. When swallowing, opening of larynx is covered by:

    1. Epiglottis

84. What structure has C shaped cartilage?

    1. Trachea

85. Each lobe of each lung is supplied by: 

    1. Secondary (lobar) bronchi

86. 3 retroperitoneal organs:

    1. SAD PUCKER; Stomach, adrenal gland, duodenum, pancreas, ureters, cecum, kidney, esophagus, rectum 

87. What do we call air in the pleural cavity?

    1. Pneumothorax

88. In order to remove a tumor of the muscular tunica of the stomach, one must cut through which layer?

    1. Serosa layer

89. What provides a smooth surface where bones meet?

    1. Articular cartilage

90. Layers of digestive tract, beginning from inside?

    1. Mucosa

    2. Submucosa

    3. Muscularis

    4. Serosa

91. Parasympathetic nerves extend to the digestive tract via which nerve?

    1. Vagus (X)

92. What disease is caused by enteric neurons that are absent in the colon?

    1. Hirschsprung disease - toxic megacolon

93. What structure attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

    1. Falciform ligament

94. Large amount of fat accumulates in what structure of the abdomen?

    1. Greater omentum 

95. Accessory organ of digestive tract:

    1. Teeth, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder 

96. Salivary glands located just anterior to the ear?

    1. Parotid glands

97. Structure w/ upper and lower sphincters to regulate food movement:

    1. Esophagus 

98. What organ consists of 2 major and 2 minor lobes?

    1. Liver

99. What structures form hepatopancreatic ampulla?

    1. Common bile and pancreatic duct

100. Portion of the small intestine most distal from the stomach pylorus?

     1. Ileum

101. Inability of pyloric sphincter to open would prevent? (pyloric stenosis)

     1. Food/chyme from the stomach entering the small intestine .. 

102. Skeletal muscle surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor, and forms what structure?

     1. external urethral sphincter

103. Blockage in the large intestine where the ascending colon turns into the transverse colon would occur at which flexure?

     1. Hepatic flexure 

104. Location of the testes and epididymis in scrotum has what purpose?

     1. Temp control for sperm production and maturation (3 degrees F lower than body temp)

105. What does contraction of cremaster and dartos muscles do?

     1. Brings testes up and towards the body

106. Opening in abdominal wall through which testes descend is:

     1. Inguinal canal

107. Thick white capsule covering each testicle is?

     1. Tunica albuginea

108. Inside of which structure do you find the ductus deferens?

     1. Spermatic cord

109. Blood test for prostate specific antigen is used to help detect? (PSA)

     1. Prostatic cancer 

110. Surgical removal of the prepuce:

     1. Circumcision

111. Nutrient rich blood comes to the liver via?

     1. Hepatoportal vein

112. Where would an episiotomy be performed during childbirth?

     1. Perineum

113. What holds the ovaries and uterus in position?

     1. Ligaments 

114. Diagram of female reproductive system: uterus, cervix etc

     1. See previous review

115. Lateral diagram of male reproductive system: bulbourethral gland etc

     1. See previous review

116. Raising eyebrows is the action of which muscle?

     1. Occipitofrontalis

117. Arteries that supply the brain?

     1. Vertebral, internal carotid

118. Cranial nerve that is exclusively sensory?

     1. Optic nerve; vestibulocochlear; Olfactory

119. First branch of the aorta supplying stomach and liver?

     1. Celiac artery

120. Which artery becomes dorsalis pedis artery?

     1. Anterior tibial artery

121. Portion of the ear containing organs for hearing and balance:

     1. Inner ear

122. Area in front of elbow (anterior side)?

     1. Antecubital 

123. Diagram of male reproductive system

     1. See previous review

124. Diagram of kidneys in sagittal view (pyramids etc)
     

125. Muscle raises the  eyelids?

     1. Levator palpebrae superioris

126. Abdominal muscles contract while vertebral column is fixed, this can aid in:

     1. Childbirth, defection, urination, vomiting 

127. Biceps femoris is part of which group of muscles?

     1. Hamstrings 

128. Patient goes to the dentist to have teeth removed. What nerve is anesthetized to prevent pain?

     1. Trigeminal (V)

129. Central sulcus separates:

1. Frontal lobe and parietal lobe

130. Which nerves are involved in taste?

     1. Facial (VII - anterior 2/3) and glossopharyngeal (IX - posterior ⅓)

131. Abdominal aorta divides L4 to L5 to which arteries?

     1. Common iliac artery

132. Where is the lambdoidal suture located?

     1. In b/w parietal and occipital bones

133. Formation of the palatine bone is not complete. What is this called?

     1. Cleft palate

134. If a tumor is discovered in the posterior orbit, what is impacted?

     1. Vision

135. Skin cancer most common?

     1. Basal cell carcinoma

136. What skull canal conveys sound to the eardrum?

     1. External auditory canal

137. Coroner determines strangulation because of a fracture of what bone?

     1. Hyoid

138. Articular processes on which type of vertebrae?

1. Thoracic

139. 3D image of blood vessels can be seen using:

     1. Digital subtraction angiography

140. Imaging based on protons in a magnetic field?

     1. MRI 

141. Study of the external form of the body and its relationship to deeper structures?

     1. Surface anatomy

142. Disease associated with a reduced amount of bone density:

     1. Osteoporosis 

143. Muscle that extends wrist and index finger?

     1. Extensor indicis 

144. Name of the layer in the uterus shed during menstruation is?

     1. Endometrium

     2. Only organ in the body that ruptures and then heals w/ out needing anything w/ out scarring!

145. Cervix is a portion of which organ?

     1. Uterus 

146. Diagram of shoulder and arm, triceps brachii, extensor, flexor carpis,  flexor -palmar / entensor; radius/ulna, carpals, parts of rotator cuff (Keeps head of humerus in glenoid cavity)

147. Membrane in joints?

      a. Synovial 

148. Function of bursa:

      a. Fluid filled cushion reducing friction

149. Palm faces anteriorly:

     1. Supination 

150. Palm faces posteriorly:

     1. Pronation

151. Feather like muscle: 

1. pennate muscle

152. Brachioradialis named for?

      a.  Origin and insertion

153. Muscle elevating scapula?

     1. Levator scapulae

154. Diagram of chest and shoulder w/ pectoralis major

     1. 
        

155. Triangular muscle converging together?

1. Pectoralis major (convergent muscle)