unit 2 (Articles of Confederation to War of 1812)

terms

Articles of Confederation- a “loose alliance of 13 states”; sovereignty rests with the state government; the National Government is too weak to meet the needs of the nation.
Shay’s Rebellion- shows the Articles of Confederation are weak
Whiskey Rebellion- Protest on the tax on whiskey that was crushed by the government, shows that the Federal Government is strong under the Constitution
Federalists- people who advocate for a government where states unite under a strong central government, support the ratification of the constitution.
The Federalist Papers- a collection of articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to promote the ratification of the Constitution of the United States.
Anti-Federalists- people who opposed the ratification of the constitution because they feared the new Federal Government would be too strong and threaten individual liberties.
The Bill of Rights- First ten amendments to the Constitution, protected the rights of individuals.
Popular Sovereignty- Government based on the consent of the people.
Limited Government- The Governments powers are restricted by law.
Federalism- The Federal Government and State Governments share power.
Checks and Balances- System in which each branch of government has the power to monitor and limit the actions of the other two.
Separation of Powers- Power is divided between the 3 branches of government
Representative Government- People vote for representatives who will then vote on policies.
French Revolution- Bloody revolution, initially supported by Americans until the Reign of Terror.
Thomas Pinckney Treaty- Treaty with Spain, defined the border between the United States and Florida and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River and New Orleans.
John Jay’s Treaty- Treaty with Britain in which they agreed to evacuate the northwest territory.
XYZ Affair- After the Jay’s Treaty France refused to let Americans meet with high ranking officials unless they pay a bribe, led to the unofficial Quasi-War.
Alien and Sedition Acts- Acts passed by the Federalists, raised the residency requirements for citizenship, authorized the president to deport "aliens", permitted their arrest, imprisonment, and deportation during wartime. (violation of 1st amendment)
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions- condemned the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional, claimed that because these acts overstepped federal authority under the Constitution, they were null.
Election of 1800- Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams after a tie broken by Hamilton, first peaceful transition of power between parties.
Washington’s Farewell Address- Washington’s final address as president, states not to have parties and to not make permanent alliances.

faults of the Articles of Confederation

weak Federal Government

1. Wanted to avoid having an oppressive central government, like England. 2. Meant the federal government lacked control over the country.

Cannot tax

1. Wanted to avoid being like England. 2. Meant we cannot pay for an army.

cannot regulate trade

1. Did not want extra taxes like the Navigation Acts. 2. Meant we could not pay for an army or pay national debts.

Congress did not have the power to enforce laws
approval by 9 states was required to pass laws
All 13 states had to agree to make changes to the Articles (they needed to start over)
no Executive or Judicial branch

1. no way to coordinate the work of the government. 2. no way to settle disputes.

The North-West Ordnance

Proposed that 3 - 5 new states be created from the Northwest Territory.
Each territory would have an appointed governor and council.
When the population reached 5,000, the residents could elect their own assembly. at 60,000 settlers resided in a territory, they could draft a constitution and petition for full statehood.
The ordinance provided for civil liberties and public education within the new territories but ==did not allow slavery==

first forms of government

Virginia Plan- Large states wanted to represented based on population. * wanted 3 branches of government(executive, judicial, legislative), a strong president, and federal courts * House elected by the people, Senate elected by the house.
NJ Plan- Small states wanted to preserve their power and continue to have one vote per state. * wanted a single branch of government
The Great Compromise * has the house of representation (represented based on population) pleases big states * has the Senate (represented equally) pleases small states * had the federal courts and president of the Virginia Plan

issues

the south wanted slaves to count as population to determine representation in the House of Representatives. * opposed counting slaves for the purpose of counting taxes.
opposed counting slaves as population to determine representation in the House of Representatives. * Favored counting slaves for the purpose of counting taxes.
the 3/5ths compromise * slaves count as 3/5ths of a person for the population

principles of the constitution

Delegated Powers * National Government’s powers * Declare War * National Defense/Military * Foreign Affairs * Regulating Foreign & State Trade * Coining Money * Postal System
Reserved Powers * State’s Powers * Education * Marriage Laws/Gay Rights * Marijuana * Formation of Local Governments * Death Penalty * ==Conducts Elections==
Concurrent Powers * Shared Powers * Right To Tax * Borrow Money * Pay Debt * Establish Courts * Maintain Law & Order * Build Roads * General Welfare
In order to ratify the Constitution the Bill of Rights was passed as a compromise

American Policy

Foreign Policy Issues * Problems outside the U.S.
Domestic Policy Issues * Problems inside the U.S.
George Washington’s Farewell Address * Avoid European Affairs * Stay Neutral and do not form permanent alliances * Do not form political parties * set the precedence of serving 2 terms and resigning
John Jay’s Treaty- Treaty with Britain in which they agreed to evacuate the northwest territory.
Alien and Sedation Act (1798) * Raised the residence requirement for citizenship from 5 years to 14 years. * Allowed the president to deport or jail any alien considered undesirable. * Democratic-Republicans editors, publishers, and politicians were jailed. * Contributed to Jefferson’s election in 1800. * Jefferson and Madison objected to the Alien and Sedition Acts as a violation of the 1st Amend * Virginia and Kentucky Resolution- States have the right to nullify,

or consider void, any act of Congress to be Unconstitutional. (states rights) * Immigrants mostly favor Democratic-Republicans. * Federalists claimed the acts were necessary to stop unhealthy criticism that was undermining trust in the government.

Party Politics

Federalist

Loose interpretation of Constitution
Strong federal government
High tariffs on imported goods
Supported national bank (BUS)
National government assumes state’s debt
Opposed French Revolution

Anti-Federalist (Democratic-Republicans)

Strict interpretation of the Constitution
stronger state governments
Bill of Rights
States pay own debt
Support French Revolution
Low tariffs in imported goods

election of 1800

Both Jefferson and Burr received the same number of electoral votes, the decision was referred to the House of Representatives. * Hamilton breaks the tie * First peaceful transfer of power between parties

Jefferson’s Policy

Reduced the national debt, the government bureaucracy, and the size of the military.
Cut unpopular taxes on land and whiskey
promised to reduce the power of the federal government, he actually went against his strict interpretation of the Constitution by purchasing the Louisiana Territory.

supreme court cases (Marshall Courts)

Marbury v. Madison * Madison refuses to gibe Marbury his appointment to be a judge. * Marshall ruled against Marbury stating the Supreme Court did not have the rights to make Madison give his appointment. * Congress does not have the right to pass laws that violate the constitution. It is the supreme court's job to determine if laws are constitutional. * First case to use Judaical Review
McCulloch v. Maryland * The states cannot tax the federal bank. * Established national supremacy
Gibbons v. Ogden * states do not have the rights to pass bills that would prevent congress from regulating interstate trade. * Federal government has the right to regulate interstate trade.
Dartmouth v. Woodward * New Hampshire attempted to take over Dartmouth * Upholds the sanctity of contracts

war of 1812

Britain attempted to restrict American trade
Royal Navy impressment of American seamen.
War voted for by the Anti Federalist “War Hawks”
The US suffered many costly defeats at the hands of British, Canadian and Native American troops.
Washington D.C. is burned by the British
American troops were able to repulse British invasions in New York, Baltimore and New Orleans
Britain moved for an armistice after the failure of the assault on Baltimore.
Treaty of Ghent ended the war in 1815. * US gave up its demands to end impressment, while Britain promised to leave Canada’s borders unchanged and abandon efforts to create an Indian state.
Starts an era of patriotism and ends the Federalist Party