Chapter 4 S

Chapter Overview

• Physiological Needs

  • Focused on the basic requirements necessary for survival, including water, food, and sex.

Sources of Motives

• Different sources of motivations related to needs:

  • Motive status

  • Needs

  • Cognitions

  • Emotions

Section 1: Understanding Needs

• Definition of Needs

  • Needs motivate behavior due to deprivation and growth.

  • Basic needs include food, water, and emotional connections.

• Impact of Needs

  • Daily functioning can be analyzed through needs and associated emotions.

Learning Objective 1

• Definition of a Need

  • A condition essential for life and well-being that drives motivation.

• Types of Needs:

  • Biological Needs: Basic survival needs (food, water, shelter).

  • Psychological Needs: Related to emotional well-being (autonomy, competence, connection).

  • Implicit Needs: Related to achievement and intimacy, developed through socialization.

Exploration of Needs

• Overall Well-Being

  • Satisfied needs contribute to well-being and promote healthy behaviors.

• Consequences of Neglect

  • Unmet needs can lead to psychological or biological damage.

  • Energizing and persistent behavior results from needs, but each need directs that behavior differently.

Types of Needs

• Physiological Needs (Chapter 4)

  • Examples: Thirst, hunger, sex.

• Psychological Needs (Chapter 6)

  • Examples: Autonomy, competence, relatedness.

• Implicit Needs (Chapter 7)

  • Examples: Achievement, affiliation, intimacy, power.

Differences Among Need Types

• Psychological Needs

  • Basic and shared needs, associated with conscious motivations.

  • Focus on growth versus deficiency motives (positive vs negative emotions).

• Implicit Needs

  • Develop through socialization, often unconscious.

Learning Objective 2: Drive Theory

• Core Concepts

  • Drive theory outlines how physiological needs create psychological tension, leading to behaviors aimed at reducing that tension.

• Homeostasis

  • Importance of maintaining internal balance; homeostasis triggers motivational states.

Physiological Needs & Drive Reduction Theory

• Need and Drive

  • Physiological needs create a state of psychological tension.

  • Drives motivate behaviors to satisfy needs (e.g., hunger prompts food-seeking actions).

Homeostatic Mechanism

• Key Components

  • Variable, set-point, detector, correctional mechanisms.

  • Negative feedback mechanisms stop behaviors once balance is restored.

Drive Theory Components

• Extraorganismic Factors

  • Includes influences like environment (e.g., smell of food, social settings).

Thirst Regulation

• Physiological and Environmental Influences

  • Impact of body hydration levels and external factors (taste, culture) on thirst.

Hunger Regulation

• Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation

  • Influence of stomach distension and blood glucose levels on hunger sensations.

  • Lipostatic hypothesis: regulation of energy balance via stored fat.

Environmental and Cultural Influences on Eating

• Factors Affecting Eating

  • Variety of food, time of day, social norms impact eating motivation.

  • Cognitive self-regulation efforts can influence eating, sometimes leading to binge patterns.

Sexual Motivation

• Physiological Regulation

  • Role of hormones (estrogens and testosterone) in sexual motivation.

• Gender Differences

  • Males driven more by physiological arousal, while females influenced by emotional intimacy.

Sexual Orientation

• Concept Overview

  • Discussion on the nature versus nurture debate concerning sexual orientation.

  • Kinsey’s spectrum of sexual orientation emphasizing it as a continuum.

Stigma and Homophobia

• Attitudes and Trends

  • Improvement in societal attitudes but persistent mental health risks for LGBTQ+ individuals.

  • Analysis of factors contributing to homophobia and mental health impacts.

Facial Metrics in Physical Attractiveness

• Attraction Indicators

  • Features correlated with attractiveness (symmetry, youthfulness) are analyzed across genders.

Comprehensive Model Summary

• Understanding motivations driven by physiological needs, environmental factors, and social influences.

• The complexity of hunger, thirst, and sexual motivation reflects human behavior informed by physiological, psychological, and social dimensions.