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Untitled Flashcards Set

Period One

  • 1453 - Hundred Years’ War Ends

  • 1455 - Invention of the Printing Press

    • invented by Johannes Gutenberg

    • led to increase in literacy rates & contributed to Renaissance

    • increased distribution of bible, Shakespeare, Galilei, MLK and Gutengerg

  • 1492 - Columbus' Voyage to the New World

  • 1517 - Protestant Reformation

    • sparked by Martin Luther

  • 1555 - Peace Treaty of Augsburg

    • Treaty between the Holy Roman Empire and the Schmalkaldic League

    • Marked the end of religious warfare in Germany and the beginning of a period of relative stability

  • 1572 - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

  • 1598 - Edict of Nantes

    • granted religious toleration to the Huguenots and ended the wars

    • ended St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

  • 1600 - Establishment of the Dutch East India Company

  • 1643-1715 - Louis XIV's Reign in France

    • He centralized power by establishing a highly centralized bureaucracy and a system of royal patronage that rewarded loyalty to the king

    • He also weakened the power of the nobility by requiring them to live at the Palace of Versailles and participate in the king's daily routines.

    • He promoted economic growth by supporting the development of French industry and trade.

  • 1648 - Signing of the Treaty of Westphalia

    • ended the Thirty Years’ war and established the principle of state sovereignty.

Period Two

  • 1688 - Glorious Revolution in England

    • It was triggered by the fear of a Catholic succession to the English throne.

    • It had a significant impact on English politics and society. It established the principle of parliamentary sovereignty and limited the power of the monarch.

    • William of Orange, James II’s flight

  • 1688 - Enactment of the English Bill of Rights

    • established the supremacy of Parliament over the monarch and guaranteed certain rights to English citizens, such as the right to bear arms and the right to a fair trial.

  • 1756-1763 : The Seven Years’ War

    • fought between two alliances: the Kingdom of Great Britain, Prussia, and Hanover against the Kingdom of France, Austria, and Russia.

  • 1763 - End of the Seven Years’ War with the Treaty of Paris

    • saw Britain emerge as the dominant colonial power.

  • 1776 - Start of the American Revolutionary War

    • a political upheaval during which the thirteen American colonies broke away from British rule and formed the United States of America.

    • causes : taxation without representation, proclamation of 1763, Boston massacre, Intolerable Acts

  • 1789-1799 - Era of the French Revolution

  • 1799 - Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

    • the first consul of France in 1799 and later declared himself emperor in 1804

    • Conquered much of Europe and implemented a series of reforms known as the Napoleonic Code

    • Defeated in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo and exiled to the island of Saint Helena, where he died in 1821

  • 1815 - Congress of Vienna and the Age of Metternich

    • Its aim was to restore stability and order to Europe after the upheavals of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.

    • The Congress established a new balance of power in Europe that lasted until the outbreak of World War I.

Period Three

  • 1848 - Spread of Liberal Revolutions

  • 1861 - Italy's Unification

    • led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, Camillo di Cavour, and Victor Emmanuel II.

    • had a significant impact on European politics and paved the way for the rise of Italian nationalism.

  • 1861 - Emancipation of Serfs in Russia

  • 1871 - Germany's Unification

    • Otto von Bismarck : goal was to unify Germany under Prussian leadership.

    • Wilhelm I of Prussia became the first German Emperor.

    • Germany became an industrial and military powerhouse, leading to tensions with other European powers.

  • 1884 - Berlin Conference and the Scramble for Africa

  • 1905 - Russian Revolution

Period Four

  • 1914-1918 - World War I

    • causes : imperialism, nationalism, militarism, alliances, assassination of archduke

    • military advancements : tanks, poison gas, airplanes, machine guns, submarines, trench warfare

    • know the major battles

  • 1917 - Bolshevik Revolution

    • Response to the widespread poverty, inequality, and political repression

    • The Russian government responded to this growing unrest with repression, censorship, and political persecution

  • 1918 - Treaty of Versailles Marks WWI End

    • Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for the war and pay reparations to the Allies.

    • Led to the redrawing of national borders and the creation of new countries.

    • The League of Nations was established to prevent future wars, but it ultimately failed to do so.

  • 1929 - Great Depression Begins with Stock Market Crash

    • causes : stock market crash of 1929, bank failures, overproduction, protectionism

    • impact in Europe : unemployment, political instability, economic decline

    • rise of extremism

  • 1939-1945 - World War II in Europe

    • The Allies emerged victorious, with Germany and Japan surrendering in 1945.

  • 1945 - Establishment of the United Nations

    • replaced the ineffective League of Nations

  • 1949 - Formation of NATO

  • 1957 - Launch of Sputnik

  • 1961 - Construction of the Berlin Wall

    • The Soviet Union built a wall to separate East and West Berlin, symbolizing the division of Europe.

    • Symbolised end of Cold War

  • 1989 - Fall of the Berlin Wall

  • 1991 - Soviet Union Collapse

  • 1992 - Creation of the Maastricht Treaty and the European Union

  • 1999 - Introduction of the European currency, the Euro

  • 2000 - Vladimir Putin's Election as President of Russia

review the economic theories in period 4