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AP World UNIT 3 REVIEW (Everything You NEED to Know!)

Chapter 1: Introduction

  • Time period: 1450-1750

  • Focus on land-based empires, their expansion, administration, and belief systems

  • Land-based empire defined as power from territorial holdings

  • Introduction to 4 key empires: Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, Qing

Ottoman Empire

  • Founded in 14th century, expanded rapidly

  • Adoption of gunpowder weapons crucial for expansion

  • Conquered Constantinople in 1453, renamed it Istanbul

  • Enslaved Christians to convert them to Islam and form elite fighting force

Safavid Empire

  • Founded in the early 16th century in the Middle East

  • Rapid expansion under Shah Ismail through raiding and conquering

  • Adoption of gunpowder weapons for military strength

  • Established an enslaved army of Christians for military prowess

Chapter 2: The Mughal Empire

  • Mughal Empire established in South and Central Asia in the 16th century

  • Babur wiped out the Delhi Sultanate and began Mughal rule

  • Rapid expansion through military using gunpowder weapons

  • Akbar's tolerant rule and administration led to prosperity

  • Mughals were Muslim, ruled over Hindu majority, but Akbar promoted religious tolerance

Qing Dynasty

  • Rise in the first half of the 17th century after the fall of the Ming dynasty

  • Ethnically Han Chinese, overthrew the Ming to establish the Qing dynasty

  • Strengthened military and led conquests using gunpowder weapons

Chapter 3: Rulers Consolidated Their Power

  • All empires were land-based and expanded rapidly using gunpowder.

  • Qing and Mughal were ethnically different from subjects.

  • Safavids and Ottomans were Muslim, with Safavids being Shia and Ottomans Sunni.

  • Safavid-Mughal conflict over territory in Afghanistan due to religious differences.

  • Rulers legitimized and consolidated power through large bureaucracies and military professionals.

Chapter 4: Rulers Administered Their Empires

  • Rulers legitimized power through religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture.

  • European monarchs used the divine right of kings for legitimacy.

  • Qing Emperor Kangxi used imperial portraits for legitimacy.

  • Inca's Sun Temple and Palace of Versailles in France showcased power.

  • Innovations in tax collection systems helped rulers maintain control.

  • Mughals used the Zamindar system, Ottomans used tax farming, and Aztecs used tribute lists.

  • Belief systems like Christianity in Europe faced corruption issues, such as simony.

Chapter 5: The Protestant Reformation and Sunni Shia Split

  • Protestant Reformation

    • Church financed building projects through indulgences (paying money for sins forgiven).

    • Martin Luther, a Catholic monk, protested against these practices as not biblical.

    • Luther's 95 Theses criticized church, leading to excommunication and Protestant Reformation.

    • Printing press helped spread Luther's ideas, causing a split in Christianity in Europe.

    • Catholic church initiated its own reformation through the Council of Trent, addressing corruption.

  • Sunni Shia Split

    • Shah Ismail declared Safavid Empire to follow Shia Islam, intensifying split with Sunni Muslim empires.

    • Ismail's decision aggravated the split, leading to public slaughters of Sunni Muslims.

    • Safavid military enforced cursing of first three caliphs, deepening the divide between Shia and Sunni.

Chapter 5: Development of Sikhism

  • Sikhism

    • Blend of Hindu and Islamic doctrines in South Asia.

    • Retained belief in one God and reincarnation, but discarded gender hierarchies and caste system.

    • Demonstrated continuity with both belief systems while introducing changes.

Chapter 6: Conclusion

  • Heimler's Review Guide

    • Offers AP World Heimler review guide for exam preparation.

    • Provides detailed help on various topics through individual topic videos.

Conclusion

  • Heimler concludes the discussion, offering resources for further study

NB

AP World UNIT 3 REVIEW (Everything You NEED to Know!)

Chapter 1: Introduction

  • Time period: 1450-1750

  • Focus on land-based empires, their expansion, administration, and belief systems

  • Land-based empire defined as power from territorial holdings

  • Introduction to 4 key empires: Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, Qing

Ottoman Empire

  • Founded in 14th century, expanded rapidly

  • Adoption of gunpowder weapons crucial for expansion

  • Conquered Constantinople in 1453, renamed it Istanbul

  • Enslaved Christians to convert them to Islam and form elite fighting force

Safavid Empire

  • Founded in the early 16th century in the Middle East

  • Rapid expansion under Shah Ismail through raiding and conquering

  • Adoption of gunpowder weapons for military strength

  • Established an enslaved army of Christians for military prowess

Chapter 2: The Mughal Empire

  • Mughal Empire established in South and Central Asia in the 16th century

  • Babur wiped out the Delhi Sultanate and began Mughal rule

  • Rapid expansion through military using gunpowder weapons

  • Akbar's tolerant rule and administration led to prosperity

  • Mughals were Muslim, ruled over Hindu majority, but Akbar promoted religious tolerance

Qing Dynasty

  • Rise in the first half of the 17th century after the fall of the Ming dynasty

  • Ethnically Han Chinese, overthrew the Ming to establish the Qing dynasty

  • Strengthened military and led conquests using gunpowder weapons

Chapter 3: Rulers Consolidated Their Power

  • All empires were land-based and expanded rapidly using gunpowder.

  • Qing and Mughal were ethnically different from subjects.

  • Safavids and Ottomans were Muslim, with Safavids being Shia and Ottomans Sunni.

  • Safavid-Mughal conflict over territory in Afghanistan due to religious differences.

  • Rulers legitimized and consolidated power through large bureaucracies and military professionals.

Chapter 4: Rulers Administered Their Empires

  • Rulers legitimized power through religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture.

  • European monarchs used the divine right of kings for legitimacy.

  • Qing Emperor Kangxi used imperial portraits for legitimacy.

  • Inca's Sun Temple and Palace of Versailles in France showcased power.

  • Innovations in tax collection systems helped rulers maintain control.

  • Mughals used the Zamindar system, Ottomans used tax farming, and Aztecs used tribute lists.

  • Belief systems like Christianity in Europe faced corruption issues, such as simony.

Chapter 5: The Protestant Reformation and Sunni Shia Split

  • Protestant Reformation

    • Church financed building projects through indulgences (paying money for sins forgiven).

    • Martin Luther, a Catholic monk, protested against these practices as not biblical.

    • Luther's 95 Theses criticized church, leading to excommunication and Protestant Reformation.

    • Printing press helped spread Luther's ideas, causing a split in Christianity in Europe.

    • Catholic church initiated its own reformation through the Council of Trent, addressing corruption.

  • Sunni Shia Split

    • Shah Ismail declared Safavid Empire to follow Shia Islam, intensifying split with Sunni Muslim empires.

    • Ismail's decision aggravated the split, leading to public slaughters of Sunni Muslims.

    • Safavid military enforced cursing of first three caliphs, deepening the divide between Shia and Sunni.

Chapter 5: Development of Sikhism

  • Sikhism

    • Blend of Hindu and Islamic doctrines in South Asia.

    • Retained belief in one God and reincarnation, but discarded gender hierarchies and caste system.

    • Demonstrated continuity with both belief systems while introducing changes.

Chapter 6: Conclusion

  • Heimler's Review Guide

    • Offers AP World Heimler review guide for exam preparation.

    • Provides detailed help on various topics through individual topic videos.

Conclusion

  • Heimler concludes the discussion, offering resources for further study

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