Deuterostomes

  • Echinoderms

    • Water Vascular System - Know the components, function, significance

      • Madreporite

      • Stone canal

      • Ring canal

      • Radial canals

    • Major Groups - Be familiar with the major characteristics

      • Sea Urchins

      • Starfish

      • Sea cucumbers

  • Chordates

    • Bilateral Symmetry - define and recognize dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior

    • Defining Features

      • Pharyngeal Gill Slits

      • Notochord

      • Postanal tail

      • Nerve Cord

    • Lancelets - Cephalochordata

    • Tunicates – Urochordata

    • Vertebrates – Vertebrata

      • Derived Traits

        • Vertebral Column, highly specialized head region

      • Fishes - recognize the major features of each group - describe how the evolution of jaws took place, and the advantage conveyed to organisms that possess them

        • Cyclostomes (round mouth)

          • Myxini (

Hagfishes

  • Petromyzontida

Lampreys

  • Gnathostomes (Jawed fishes)

    • Chondrichthyes

Sharks

Skates

Rays

  • Lobe-finned

Dipnoi (lungfishes)

Actinistia (coelacanths)

  • Ray-finned

Actinopterygii

  • Amphibians - Recognize the significant adaptations and distinguishing features

    • Legs

    • Lungs

    • Cutaneous respiration

    • Pulmonary veins

    • Divided Heart

    • No amnion

    • Major groups

      • Tiktaalik

      • Ichthyostega

      • Anura

Frogs vs toads (despite paraphyly)

  • Caudata

    • Apoda

    • Reptilia

      • Amniotic Eggs (general function of each membrane)

        • Chorion

        • Amnion

        • Yolk Sac

        • Allantois

      • Thoracic Breathing

      • Dry, scaly skin

      • Ectothermic

      • Improved circulatory system (still not as efficient as mammals/birds)

      • Major Groups

        • Anapsids

Chelonia (turtles/tortoises)

  • Synapsid

Therapsids

Connection to the mammals

  • Diapsids

Archosaurs

Dinosaurs

Tuataras

Squamata (lizards/snakes)

Crocodylia (crocodiles and alligators)

Similarities to birds

  • Aves

    • Derived characters

      • Keratinized Feathers

      • Hollow bones

      • Endothermy

      • Other adaptations for flight

    • Archaeopteryx

    • Connection to theropod dinosaurs

    • Mammalia

      • Derived

        • Hair

        • Mammary glands

        • Specialized teeth and skulls

      • General evolutionary history

      • Monotreme

        • Echidna, Platypus

      • Marsupialia

        • Offspring born prematurely, blind and weak. Mature in marsupial pouch

        • Possess incomplete placenta, ephemeral placenta

      • Eutheria (Placental Mammals)

        • What is the placenta?

      • Primates (members of the Eutheria)

        • Prosimians

        • Anthropoids

New world

Old world

Gibbons

Hominids

Orangutans

Gorillas

Chimpanzees

Hominins

  • Hominins

Bipedalism

Changes in landscape

Sight of the horizon

Carrying objects

No longer climbing

  • Australopithecus

“Lucy” Australopithecus afarensis

  • Homo

habilis

Tool use

erectus/ergaster

floresiensis

Smaller stature, island dwarfism

  • Modern Humans

heidelbergensis

neanderthalensis

Shared range with sapiens

denisovans

sapiens