Com quicks

-30s grace

-have outline ready for first speech day (even if u arent going)

-10% deduction for no outline and/or beyond 30s grace

-volunteer rfhen random call for order

-if u come late and someone is presenting speech, wait til it ends and when u hear applause

3/5/24

Chapter 1: Evolving Art of Public Speaking

-Technology makes hearing speeches easier

-More misinformation

-Have to use critical thinking more to not be deceived (filter)

  • Audience centered
  • Make a personal connection
  • Speak to group
  • Defined length
  • Audience expectations
  • Consider situations before, during, after speech
  • Eye contact, gesticulate, move naturally (not pace)

Go over each era of communication in history

Influences

  • Interactivity
    • Mass Media
    • The Culture Industries
    • The Internet
  • Digital Divide
    • Not everyone has the technology
    • No human interaction
  • Use technology cautiously
    • Fake images
    • Reliable sources?
    • Information literacy

Foundations

  • Aristotle’s Rhetoric
  • Romans and the Five Arts
  • Storytelling

Aristotle’s Rhetoric

  • Audience centered
  • “Proofs” to appeal to audience
    • Logos
    • Pathos
    • Ethos
    • Mythos (Not Aristotle’s)

Rome and Five Arts of Public Speaking

  • Invention
  • Arrangement
  • Style
  • Memory (flow)
  • Delivery

Storytelling

  • Narrative thinking
  • Stories explain and help people understand their worlds
  • Connect self and world
  • Envision possibilities
  • Apply logic
  • Structure events
  • Bridge cultural differences

Publlic Speaking is a Life Skill

  • Build credibility
  • Find and use reliable information
  • Organize ideas
  • Present ideas effectively

Speaking Effectively in Public

  • Interpersonal communication
  • Small-group communication
  • Organizational communication
  • Mass communication
  • Public communication

Evolution of Communication Models

Spheres of communication

  • Mass
  • Mediated
  • Expressive technology
  • Face-to-face

Elements of Audience-Centered Public Speaking

  • Audience Speaker
  • Message
  • Channel
  • Noise
  • Feedback
  • Context
  • Environment

Chapter 2: Building Your Confidence

Speech Anxiety

  • Breathe
  • Visualizing
    • Imagine giving good speech and the process
  • Relabeling
    • Nervous to excited
  • Relaxation

Chapter 3: Listening

∫Components of Listening

  • Hearing
  • Understanding
  • Remembering
  • Interpret
  • Evaluate
  • Respond

Types of Listening

  • Empathetic
    • Friend, therapist
  • Appreciative
    • Concert, YouTube, Movie
  • Content
    • Lecture. Tutorials
  • Critical
    • Debate, car dealer

Barriers to Effective Listening

  • Flaws in individual listening filters
    • Biases, inexperience, culture, attitudes, beliefs
    • Like camera lenses
  • Mindlessness
  • Noise
  • Defensiveness
  • Faking Attention

Listening Effectively to Speeches

  • Listen mindfully
  • Set goals
  • Block distractions
  • Manage listening anxiety
  • Suspend judgment
  • Focus on the speaker
  • Take notes
  • Use all your senses (imagine)
  • Ask good questions

Types of Good Questions

  • Open-ended
  • Direct
  • On topic
  • Genuine requests for information

Chapter 4: Developing Topic and Purpose

Determining Your General Purpose

  • Informative
  • Persuasive
  • Entertaining

Brainstorming for Possible Topics

  • Brainstorming is a free-form way of generating ideas without immediately evaluating them
    • Brainstorming Techniques
    • Brainstorming sources

Evaluating and Selecting Topic Ideas

  • Your own interests
  • The audience
  • Available resources
  • Time
  • The settling and occasion
  • Invention
  • Arrangement
    • Chronologically
    • Problem-solution
    • Space
    • Cause-effect
    • Topical
    • Monroe’s Motivated Sequence (persuasion)

Chapter 5: Adapting to Audience

  • Adapt to interests
  • Observe their nonverbal cues

Reaching Your Target Audience

Demographic Information

Gender, Age, etc.

  • Personal Observation
  • Consult People familiar with audience
  • Public Resources

Psychographic Info

  • Standpoint
  • Values
  • Attitude (feeling about smthn)
  • Belief

Questionaire

  • Close ended Qs
  • Open-ended Qs
  • Both
  • Stats can be used for speech

Adapting to the Setting

  • Physical Location
  • Occasion (formal/informal)
    • Voluntary (want to be there)
    • Captive (must be there)
  • Time of Day

Credibility

  • Competence
  • Trustworthiness
  • Dynamism
  • Sociability

Chapter 8: Organizing Outline

  • Chronological
  • Topical (sub-topics)
    • Strip: Restaurants, Casinos, Traffic, etc.
  • Spatial (physical location/direction)
  • Problem-Solution
    • Usually 2 bodies (u can add 1 more for background)
  • Cause and Effect
    • Usually 2 bodies
  • Narrative (personal/other people’s examples)
  • Monroe’s Motivated Sequence (persuasion)
    • Attention
    • Need
    • Satisfaction
    • Visualization
    • Action

Parts

  • Intro
    • 30s-1min
  • Body
  • Conclusion
    • 30s-1min
  • Use transitions for coherence

Outline Types

  • Working Outline
    • Identifies topic, general purpose, specific purpose, thesis, and possible main points
  • Complete-Sentence Outline
    • Detailed ideas and how they relate to each other
    • Most detailed (2 sentences most)
    • Label each part
    • Alphabetical References
    • Your finished outline
  • Speaking Outline
    • Bullet points
    • Index Cards

Chapter 9: Beginning and Ending Speech

  • Primacy Effect
  • Recency Effect

Elements of Intro

  • Get audience attention
  • Purpose and Thesis
  • Establish Credibility
  • Preview Main Points
  • Thesis, Preview, Body, and Summary should be linked

Attention-Getters

  • Cite surprising fact or statistic
  • Tell anecdote
  • Tell a joke
  • Use information about the audience
  • Ask a question (rhetorical and interesting question)

Establish Credibility

  • Use personal experience or cite research

Preview Main Points

  • Establish audience expectation

Elements of Conclusion

  • Review Main Points
  • Reinforce Purpose
  • Provide Closure
    • End with quote
    • Use presentation media
    • Make dramatic statement
    • Refer to intro


Chapter 11: Integrating Presentation Media

Presentation Media: Used to highlight, clarify, and complement information

  • PowerPoint
  • Keynote
  • Flip charts
  • Music
  • Handouts (best given after)

Why use Media?

  • Draw attention to topic
  • Illustrate idea
  • Get emotional reaction
  • Emphasize key point
  • Support argument
  • Help audience remember main ideas

Basics of Visual Design

  • Simple
  • Emphasize key ideas
  • Show what you can’t say
  • Use close-up images
  • Limit number of images (2 max per slide)
  • Combine variety with coherence
  • Use large text (28 or higher)

Presentation Software

  • Display information on slides, video, and audio
  • Plan hardware setup
  • Time speech presentation at same time

Designing Slides

  • Use to support speech
  • Use sparingly
  • Balance creativity, clarity, predictability, and spontaneity (Always have title)
  • Avoid relying on text or numbers
  • Limit bullet points
  • Limit number of words
  • Make large and clean fonts
  • Choose appropriate transitions (simple is king)
  • Use animation effects wisely
  • Use color well
  • Avoid copying website onto slides

Citing Sources for Digital Slides

  • Can cite orally
  • Can provide citation text at bottom of slides
  • Include reference page if needed

Use other visual and audio media

  • Document cameras
  • Flip charts
  • Traditional whiteboards (not recommended)
  • Handouts
  • Physical models
  • Interactive whiteboards
  • Human assistant (avoid verbal cue)
  • Video (within speech)
  • Sound and Music
  • Real-time web access
  • Overhead projectors

Video

  • Use short clips
  • Treat video as integral part of speech
  • Embed video in slides
  • Avoid offensive video
  • Cite the source
  • Confirm clip is legit

Tips

  • Consider the room
  • Practice
  • Set up early (flash drive ideal to save time)(have backups)
  • Speak to the audience

Chapter 12: Delivering Your Speech
Selecting a Delivery Method

  • Impromptu
  • Extemporaneous
  • Manuscript
  • Memorized

Influences on Delivery

  • Culture
  • Gender
  • Fluency
  • Dialect
  • Physical Impairments

Managing Your Voice

  • Control Breath
  • Speak Loudly
  • Vary rate, pitch, and volume
  • Avoid vocalize pauses
  • Articulate clearly and accurately

Managing Your Body

  • Dress for the occasion
  • Face audience
  • Make eye contact
  • Display appropriate facial expressions
  • Maintain posture
  • Move with purpose and spontaneity
  • Avoid physical barriers

Managing Your Audience

  • Adjust speaking space
  • Involve a

Question and Answer Periods

  • Listen carefully

Practice FR

Types of Informative Speeches

  • Objects and places
  • People and other living creatures
  • Processes
  • Events
  • Ideas and concepts

Chapter 14: Persuasive Speaking

  • To reinforce, modify, or change listeners’ beliefs, attitudes, opinions, values, and behaviors
    • Language, images, and other communication is used

Persuasion is…

  • Chosen (Coercion is forced)
  • Honest (Manipulation is misleading)
  • Advocacy (Informing is neutral)
  • Practical or issue-based

Practical Persuasion

  • Attempts to encourage listeners to take action on a “do-able” topic
  • Not a simple demonstration

Persuasion Organizational Pattern

Issue-Based Persuasion

Addresses serious topics with three types of questions:

  • Fact
  • Value
  • Policy

Question of Fact: True or False?

  • Need credible support
  • Fact versus inference

Question of Fact Organizational Patterns

Usually use

  • Chronological
  • Spacial
  • Topical
  • Cause-Effect

Questions of Value: What’s Something Worth?

  • Evaluate worth, significance, quality, or condition
  • Ask audience to believe a certain way
  • Emphasize basic principle the issue represents

Organizational:

Questions of Policy: What Should We Do?

  • Ask what action should be taken
  • Urge listeners to choose a specific action
  • Share how to solve a problem
  • Call listeners

Organizational

  • Problem solution
  • Monroe’s motivated sequence

Persuading Divided Audiences:

Common Ground

Persuading Uninformed Audiences

  • Show relevance
  • Demonstrate expertise
  • Be fair
  • Use repetition and redundancy
  • Keep persuasion subtle

Apathetic Audience

  • Gain attention
  • Relate topic to them
  • Be energetic
  • Take one-sided
  • Use presentation

Chapter 15: Understanding Argument

Argument

  • Claim: assertion
  • Evidence: support
  • Reasoning: process

Claims

Types of Claims

  • Conclusion-primary claim
  • Premise-reason to support the conclusion

Enthymemes-implied, not stated

Qualifying claims

  • Indicate scope of claim
  • Use qualifiers to build trust and credibility

Evidence

  • Logos-logic
  • Ethos-credibility
  • Pathos-emotion (hypotheticals can work)
  • Mythos-cultural beliefs

Using Evidence

  • Relevance
  • Credibilie sources
  • Diverse sources
  • Fsrfes

Deductive Reasoning

  • General to specific (group to individual) (because csn students are smart, john is smart)

Inductive Reasoning

  • Specific to general (3 out of 4 smart students are from CSN, so all students at CSN are smart)

Causal Reasoning

  • Action caused something

Analogical Reasoning

  • Similar objects are compared (similes)(life is like a box of chocolates)

Avoiding Fallacies

  • Fallacy is error in argument
  • Faulty claims
  • Flawed evidence
  • Defective reasoning
  • Erroneous responses


Fallacies in Claims

  • False dilemma (all or nothing)
  • Begging the question/circular reasoning (business is good bc owner says so)
  • Slippery slope (if they fail, they’re going to drop out)(assuming future based on stereotypes)
  • Ad ignorantism or appealing to ignorance

Fallacies in Evidence

  • Red Herring (eat food cuz ppl are starving in africa)
  • Ad populum (peer pressure)(everyone else is doing it)
  • Comparative evidence (it was twice as dangerous last year)
  • Appeal to tradition (it’s ALWAYS been done like this before)

Reasoning

  • Division fallacy (ur from texas? u must be republican)
  • Hast generalization fallacy (I liked ur cake, so everyone else will too)
  • Post hoc fallacy (headaches is from food)
  • Weak analogy (items arent comparable)


Fallacies in Responding

  • Ad hominenm
  • Guilt-by-association (
  • Straw man (not resing the grading policy; thats going to eliminate ALL GRADES0
  • Loaded word (hunting is the senseless mirder of innocet creatures)