global systems + governance PTM

AQA Geography A-level - Global Systems and Global Governance

Definition of Globalisation: The process of becoming more globally connected, characterized by the movement of people, knowledge, ideas, goods, and money across national borders.
Theoretically leads to a ‘borderless world’.
Impact on various aspects:
- Economically: Countries are interconnected through trade.
- Politically: Nations influence each other’s policies.
- Socially: Interaction among people globally through social media and cultural exchanges.
- Culturally: Adoption and appreciation of diverse cultures (e.g., music, food).

Cross-border pollution affecting climate.
International laws set by IGOs, like the Montreal Protocol, regulate environmental practices.
Globalisation fosters societal development through shared resources and interactions.

Flows: Movement of various commodities and ideas between countries.
- Dimensions Include:
  - Capital: Movement of money for investments, impacting business and trade.
  - Labour: Migration and movement of workforce.
  - Products: Physical goods traded internationally.
  - Services: Industries capable of operating anywhere (e.g., call centers).
  - Information: Data transfer enabled by modern technology.

Movement of money through various channels, with major flows between:
- Core regions (wealthy nations with power)
- Periphery regions (less developed nations)
- International bodies such as the IMF and World Bank facilitate funding and loans.

Types of Migration:
- Economic Migrants: Voluntarily move for work.
- Refugees: Forced to leave due to conflict or persecution.
- Asylum Seekers: Seek refuge and residency in another country.
International migration stats: 3-4% of the world’s population are migrants.
Major labour flows observed especially within Asia and from Latin America to North America.

Types of Workers:
- Highly Skilled: Professionals with expertise; often migrate to advanced economies for better wages.
- Unskilled: Labour that requires minimal qualifications, often migrating for better opportunities.

Increased globalisation leads to international product flows:
- 2015 value of world trade reached $25 trillion.
- Shift from local manufacturing to international production due to cost-effective offshoring.

Services can be telecommuted or located anywhere:
- High-Level Services: Require specialized knowledge (e.g., finance).
- Low-Level Services: Customer services requiring basic training.

Rapid growth since the 90s driven by technology:
- Global communication enables instantaneous sharing of news and data.
- Social media fosters cultural interactions and global awareness.
- Importance of knowledge economy and access to information for employment opportunities.

Strategies in Global Marketing:
- Brand awareness and consistency across borders.
- Necessity for adaptation to cultural preferences (glocalisation).
Example: KitKat’s success in Japan highlights effective regional marketing while maintaining a global brand.

Developed nations dominate as exporters of manufactured goods and raw materials.
Increasing trade participation from emerging economies (e.g., China).

Nations increasingly rely on one another for economic, social, and political stability.
- Issues of unequal flows, often benefitting wealthier nations.

Global Commons: Areas not owned by any one country, such as international waters and space.
Need for sustainable governance to prevent exploitation and ensure fairness.

The role of international institutions like the UN in managing global affairs and conflicts.
- Promotes equality and addresses global issues such as climate change and human rights.

Understanding global systems and governance is crucial in a rapidly interconnected world, highlighting the impacts of globalisation on economies, cultures, and environments.