Global final

Africa

. Mali and Ghana was one of the most powerful African Kingdoms, and played a role in the lucrative

Gold and Salt trade and helped to spread Islam and development of centers of learning

. Mansa Musa traveled a great distance on his Haj, and brought back his knowledge to Mali

Crusades

. Series of Holy Wars between Muslims and Christians over control of the Holy Land

. Led to an increase in tensions among the two parties

. The desire for wealth and religious zeal were some of the many reasons why Europeans willingly fought

in the Crusades

Byzantine Empire

. Originally the Eastern Roman empire, turned into Byzantine Empire after Rome fell

. Spread the Orthodox Christian Religion to many different places including Russia

. The Hagia Sophia and Justinian's Code were two of the achievements of the Byzantine

Empire

Middle Ages in Europe

. Also called the Dark Ages due to a loss in learning and achievements

. Occurred after the Fall of Rome

. Feudalism, or a system in which land is exchanged for military service and loyalty developed .

Feudal Obligations describes what was owed by all parties involved in Feudalism based on social

classes

. Lords owed land and protection to the peasants, while the peasants or serfs, owed military service,

loyalty, and had to work the land

. Black Death/Bubonic Plague, spread across Europe via trade routes led to the breakdown of social order

. Religion played a vital role in society during the Middle Ages

. Taller and larger cathedrals emphasizing the grandeur and glory of God is one characteristic of Gothic

architecture that was predominant during this time

Mongols

. One of the largest united empires in the world, conquered China, Russia, and Iran

. Attempted to conquer Japan, but were stopped by a mighty typhoon

. Fierce and superior army easily able to conquer most opponents who stood in their way

. Due to all the lands that the Mongols conquered, they participated in cultural diffusion

- Made the Caravan routes across Asia safe for trade and travel

China

. The Mandate of Heaven said that the gods have chosen and personally blessed each ruler in dynastic

China; when things went awry (storms, wars, etc) it was a sign that the leader lost the mandate similar to

the Divine rights of kings in Western Europe

. Mandate of Heaven is one part of the Dynastic Cycle

. Zheng He went on several voyages during the Ming dynasty and was helped by the incredible advanced

technology that China developed

Age of Absolutism

. European leaders asserted more power and authority as they centralized their political power within

their nations.

.Theory of Divine right states that a King gained their power from God and was used to justify the

monarchy having absolute power - absolute monarchy

Religion

. Islam split into two different groups, the Shiite and Sunni’s over the issue of who should lead after

Muhammad’s death in 632 AD

. Shiite wanted a direct descendant, while the Sunni’s advocated for any pious Muslim man

. The Hejira, Mohammed's journey from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, is important to Muslims because

the journey signified the establishment of the Islamic faith

Protestant Reformation / Counter Reformation

. Martin Luther and his 95 theses

John Calvin, Martin Luther, and Henry VIII were all important reformation leaders . People angry

over the Church taking a more active role in political affairs, and over the practices of indulgences

. Popes and other Church leaders clashed with kings and emperors frequently

. Caused Europe to become disunified

. Henry VIII passes the Act of Supremacy, which establishes the Church of England and causes England

to break away from the Catholic church breaking the religious unity of Europe

. The Printing Press, built by Johannes Gutenburg was one of the main causes of the Protestant

Reformation spreading

Ottoman Empire

. Islamic Empire

. Istanbul not Constantinople (defeated the Byzantine empire!)

. Suleiman the Magnificent/ Suleiman the Lawgiver is one of the most famous leaders

Miscellaneous

. One reason the Russian Empire was difficult to unite was that it had many diverse ethnic groups

. During the feudal period of Japanese history, the emperor had mainly symbolic authority as power had

been granted to shoguns and daimyos.

Spanish Reconquista - the marriage between Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon created a

powerful unified team pushing the Muslim stronghold of Granada.

Age of Exploration

. TransAtlantic Slave trade increased as the need for more labor in the colonies of the Americas increased

. African, European, and Arab slave traders all played key roles in this practice

. Middle passage was the forced dangerous journey the slaves made from Africa to the Americas . 1492,

Columbus sets out and lands in America thus starting the exchanging of goods and ideas between the two

hemispheres, and allowing Europe to heavily influence the Americas (Columbian Exchange!)

. Prince Henry the Navigator and Ferdinand Magellan were two of the figures during this time who

helped to transform how Europeans viewed the world

. Europeans brought disease to the Americas causing a decline in the population of the Native Americans

. The Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of diseases, ideas, food, crops, and populations

between the New World and the Old World following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher

Columbus in 1492 Know specific examples

Triangular Trade refers to 3 legged trading passage between the new world and the old world connecting

Africa, the Americas, and Europe

Renaissance

. The Renaissance was a rebirth of Europe following the Middle Ages

. Scientific Revolution was marked by new ideas and technologies being developed, including Galileo

and Copernicus who theorized a heliocentric model of the universe, or one where the sun is the center

. Painters like Leonardo DaVinci and authors like Machiavelli (The Prince) created great works during

the Renaissance

. New art styles like perspective develop

.Humanim - becoming better and learning through new experiences by seeking the

truth; Humanist scholars examined worldly subjects and classical subjects