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Define the three tasks of memory:
  1. Recall: Retrieving information without cues.
  2. Recognition: Identifying previously learned information.
  3. Relearning: Learning something faster the second time.
Describe how memories are encoded using the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
Differentiate between explicit and implicit memory and effortful vs automatic processing.

Definition:
- Psychologists define memory as learning that persists over time.
Key Processes of Memory:
  1. Encoding: Getting information into your brain.
  2. Storage: Retaining that information over time.
  3. Retrieval: Pulling information out when needed.

Since memory cannot be observed directly, psychologists measure it through three main types of tasks:
  1. Recall:
     - Retrieving information without cues.
  2. Recognition:
     - Identifying previously learned information.
  3. Relearning:
     - Learning something faster the second time.
Examples:
- Short answer questions on exams (Recall)
- Multiple-choice questions on exams (Recognition)

Comparison:
  - Modern psychologists compare memory to a computer system, where information flows through three stages:
    1. Encoding:
       - Converting sensory input into meaningful information that your brain can process.
    2. Storage:
       - Maintaining encoded information over time through neural networks.
    3. Retrieval:
       - Reconstructing stored information from memory fragments.
Strengths of Memory and Computers:
- Strong in encoding, storing, and retrieving.
- Memory has a biological basis.

Proposal by:
- Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin.
Three Distinct Stages of Memory:
  1. Sensory Memory:
     - Immediate, brief recording of sensory information.
  2. Short-Term Memory:
     - Active processing and temporary holding of information.
  3. Long-Term Memory:
     - Relatively permanent, limitless storage of information.
Information Flow:
- Information attended to in sensory memory moves to short-term memory.
- With rehearsal or meaning, it encodes into long-term memory for later retrieval.
Memory Capacity:
- We can memorize about 7 ± 2 items at a time.
- Example: The name of a best friend vs. a split second snapshot of a movie.
Working Memory:
- Sometimes referred to as "working memory," which allows us to manipulate information.

Explicit (Declarative) Memory:
  - Characteristics:
    - Effortful processing required.
    - Facts and experiences that are consciously known and can be deliberately recalled.
  - Requires:
    - Attention, rehearsal, and active work to encode.
  - Example:
    - Studying psychology terms.
Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory:
  - Characteristics:
    - Automatic processing occurs.
    - Skills and conditioned responses that happen without conscious awareness or effort.
  - Forms through:
    - Experience and repetition.
  - Example:
    - Riding a bike.
  - Key Insight:
    - Both memory types are long-term memories requiring focus but involve unconscious and effortless recall mechanisms.