Skeletal and Articular System

The Skeletal and Articular System
Chapter 5 Test Review

1. Describe anatomical position.

· Standard position where: person is upright and standing and facing forward (head eyes and toes). Feet together and arms slightly apart. Forearms and palms supinated (forward).

2. Describe anatomical relationships and provide examples of relationships between body parts for each term: anterior/posterior, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, proximal distal, superficial/deep.

· Anterior: front, Posterior: back

o Sternum is more anterior than spine

o Scapula is more posterior than sternum

· Superior: higher, Inferior: lower

o Eyes are superior to lips

o Toes are inferior to ears

· Medial: towards midline, Lateral: away from midline

o Pinky is more medial than thumb

o Ears are more lateral than nose

· Proximal: closer to the appendage joint, Distal: further from appendage joint

o Phalanges are more distal than carpals

o Humerus is more proximal than ulna

· Superficial: closer to the surface, Deep: further from the surface

o Skin is superficial to the muscle

o Heart is more deep than skin

3. Identify each anatomical plane and axis (planes: frontal, sagittal, and transverse; axes: horizontal, longitudinal, and antero-posterior). Describe movements that take place in each plane and identify which axis the movement is rotating around.

· Frontal Plane: separates front and back (runs from left to right)à Antero-posterior Axis

o cartwheel

· Sagittal Plane: separates left and right (runs from front to back)à Horizontal Axis

o Front flip

· Transverse Plane: separates top and bottomà Longitudinal Axis

o spin

4. Describe the different movements of the body and provide examples of each: flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, supination/pronation, dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, inversion/eversion, internal/external rotation, elevation/depression, and circumduction.

** only refers relative to bones!! Not muscles.. DIDN’T ADD EX LOL

· Flexion: bending joint so that angle decreases, Extension: bending joint so that angle increases

o Bicep curl (flexion), leg kick? (extension)

· Adduction: bringing close to midline, Abduction: moving away from midline

· Supination: rotating wrists such that palms up/forward, Pronation: rotating wrists such that palms are backwards/down

· Dorsiflexion: feet are pointed upwards, Plantarflexion: feet are pointed downwards

· Inversion: stand on edge of foot, Eversion: stand of inner edge of foot

· Internal rotation: twist inward TOWARDS midline, External rotation: twist OUTWARDS from midline

· Elevation: move UP, Depression: move DOWN

· Circumduction: a combo of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

5. What mineral are bones mainly comprised of?

· calcium

6. Describe the 5 functions of the skeletal system.

· Support- provides structural support for soft tissues, organs, and muscles

· Protection- acts as a cage for vital, delicate parts of body.

· Generation of RBC and platelets

· Movement- tendons attach on bone + muscles :3—helps with movement, muscles contract and move the bones to move

· Stores minerals- is a reservoir of minerals that body can resort to, to maintain homeostatic levels of calcium and phosphorus

7. What are the 5 types of bones? Provide examples of each.

· Long bone—typically found in arms and legs

o humerus

· Short bone—found in wrists+ankles

o Carpals

· Sesamoid bone—small bones wrapped with tendons that move over surfaces.. ie: bone that’s encased by tendons

o patella

· Irregular bone

o atlas

· Flat bone

o skull

8. Label and describe the components of a long bone.

· Cartilage: found on ends of long bones. Purpose: reduce friction and prevent erosion of ends of bone

o **Avascular—no blood flow

· Periosteum: outer connective tissue that covers the bone. Purpose: site of ligament and tendon attachment

· Medulla Cavity: found in shaft of bone and has yellow and red marrow

o Yellow marrow: made of fat cells and connective tissue **no role w/ RBC

o Red Marrow: site of RBC formation (hematopoiesis)

· Compact Bone: dense part of bone. Purpose: structural integrity

· Diaphysis: shaft of bone

o Bone is thickest along here

· Cancellous Bone: aka spongy bone, is filled with marrow in the small cavity spaces

· Epiphysis: ends of bone, made of compact bone, articulates with cartilage

· Epiphyseal: growth plates

· Cortex: most OUTER layer of the BONE

· Trabeculae: bony fibres running through cancellous tissue—meshes wit blood vessels and bone marrow

9. Differentiate between the bones comprised of the axial and appendicular skeleton.

· Axial: skeleton of the midlineà runs with CNS

o 80 bones

o Core muscles originate here—these muscles provide stability and support—helps wit posture

§ Skull

§ Spine

§ Ribs

§ SACRUM

· Appendicular: skeleton of the appendages

o 126 bones

o Moveable limbs and girdles (supporting structures)

§ Pectoral

§ Arms and forearms

§ Legs and thighs

§ pelvis

10. Label the major bones and landmarks of the axial and appendicular skeleton.

Ruh roh.. ill give definition tho!

· Condyle: large prominence à structural support to cartilage and bears force around joint from muscles

· Crest: raised edges

· Epicondyle: prominence on condyleà attaches muscles and connective tissues

· Facet: smooth, flat surface that articulates with another bone=joint

· Foramen: opening for nerves, blood vessels and muscles to connect thru

· Fossa: shallow valley on boneà provides space for tendons or organs

· Process: bony prominence/projection

· Tubercle: small, rounded prominence where tendons and ligaments attach

· Tuberosity: larger, rougher prominence

11. What is a bone fracture? Differentiate between simple, compound, and comminuted fractures.

· Bone fracture: breaking a bone

· Simple: no separation of bone

· Compound: separation of bone

· Comminuted Fracture: shattering of bone

12. What is a stress fracture? What are shin splints?

· Stress fracture: bones absorb the force instead of muscles (too fatigued)à develop tiny crack

· Shin Splints: pain in lateral and medial sides of the tibias shaft **diff is that stress fracture is an actual break but shin splints is just pain???

13. What is osteoporosis? How can it be prevented?

· Degeneration of bone mass, density, and tissue

· Bones become brittle/fragileà risk factor for fractures increases ** esp on hips, spines, and wrist

· Prevention:

o eat calcium and vitamin D

o Weight bearing exercise to strength compact bone and cancellous bone

o Healthy lifestyleà no smoking/too much alcohol

o :0 test for bone density and use meds as needed

14. Describe the 3 structural classifications of joints and provide examples of each: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. Do we need to know function classification?

STRUCTRUAL CLASSIFICATION

· Fibrous—immobile joint

o Bound by connective tissues that prevent movement

o Ex: joints of skull, aka sutures.

· Cartilaginous—slightly moveable joint

o Basically the connection of two bones from cartilage

o Isn’t specialized to move, however, slight movement is possible

o Ex. Intervertebral disk

· Synovial—freely movable joint (common joint)

o Knee.

15. Label and describe the characteristics of a synovial joint.

· Articular Cartilage- I mean… its just cartilage :) end of bones.. reduce friction… smooth

· Joint Capsule- fibrous bag-like structure that has synovial fluid

o Synovial fluid: has lots of nutrients for cartilage to diffuse into ** synovial membrane prevents the leaking of this

· Joint Cavity- space b/n bone

o Is FILLED with synovial fluid.. also acts as a lubricant

· Bursae- fluid filled sacs at friction points b/n tendons, bones, and ligaments

· Ligaments- bone to bone

o Intrinsic: thick bands of connective tissue that helps thicken and reinforce joint capsule

o Extrinsic: separates from joint capsule and reinforces joint by attaching the bones toether

16. Describe the movement of each of the 6 types of synovial joints and provide examples of each: ball-and-socket, gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, and saddle.

· Ball-and-socket- allows for movement in 3 axes—so it can move fwd, bwd and circularly

o Shoulder-glenoid cavity and humerus

· Gliding- connects flats surfaces that glide against one another

o carpals

· Hinge- has a concave and convex portion—allows movement in one axis/plane

o elbow

· Pivot- has rounded bit that fits in groove-- allows rotation in one plane

o Atlas and axis

· Ellipsoid- CONDYLOID JOINT** allows movement in 2 planes … huh

· Saddle- movement in 2 planes

o Allows for adduction and abduction **not rotation

o Exx. Carpo-metacarpal articulation of thumb

17. What is osteoarthritis?

· Degeneration of articular cartilage

o Weakened purpose as shock absorber and lubricated surface

· Irreversible

· Often in weight-bearing synovial joints

18. What is bursitis?

· Inflammation in bursa—fluid filled sac

· Caused by wear and tear

· Tx: warming up and stretching before and after activity

19. What is a “torn cartilage”? How is it treated?

· Damage in the cartilage physically torn??

· Caused by lateral movement and contact

· Tx: arthroscopy: procedure where they make a small hole and stick a camera to assess the dmg

20. What is a sprain? Differentiate between the degrees of classification of a sprain: first degree, second degree, and third degree.

· Sprain: injury to LIGAMENT (bone to bone), where it is stretched beyond its capacity (omg.. physics… elastic potential energy-)

o Causes TEARS

o First degree: least severe, few lig fibers overstretched

§ Swelling and pain

o Second degree: moderate severity, partially torn lig fibers

§ More swelling and pain

o Third degree: complete (or near) tear in lig fibers

§ Surgery?

21. How should a sprain be treated?

· RICE- rest, ice for first 48 hrs… ice every few hrs, compress (not until it cuts of circulation), elevate above heart

· ** goal: reduce swelling.. but .. why

· ** swelling happens bc increased blood flow to areaà help heal

22. Differentiate between a sprain and a strain.

· Strain: torn on TENDON, Sprain: torn on LIGAMENT

23. Differentiate between a dislocation and a separation. Identify the signs and symptoms of each.

· Dislocation: bone displacement from joint

o S/S: pain, immobile, numb, BOXY SHAPE

· Separation: separation of bones attached together by ligaments (the lig is torn.. no support)

o S/S: pain , swell, radiating pain while moving

§ Ex: acromioclavicular joint bn clavicle and scupula

24. Be able to describe a common joint injury. Provide the bones, ligaments, tendons, and/or muscles involved. Provide the signs and symptoms of the injury. Provide the treatment for the injury.