Kingdom Animalia - Comprehensive Notes

Kingdom Animalia Notes

Introduction

• Kingdom Animalia is the largest kingdom of life, encompassing approximately 2 million species.
• It is divided into two main categories: invertebrates and vertebrates.
• There are 35 phyla within the kingdom, with 9 major phyla representing the majority of animal species.
• Eight phyla consist of invertebrates, ranging from microscopic worms to giant squids.
• Vertebrates are classified under Phylum Chordata.

Invertebrate Phyla

Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

• Name Meaning: "Pore bearing."
• Examples: Sponges.
• Habitat: Primarily marine.
• Symmetry: Asymmetry.
• Anatomy: Lack tissues/organs.
• Digestion: Filter feeders.
• Movement: Sessile (attached).
• Reproduction: Asexual, sexual, or both.

Phylum Cnidaria

• Name Meaning: "Stinging nettle."
• Examples: Jellyfish, sea anemones, corals.
• Habitat: Primarily marine.
• Symmetry: Radial.
• Anatomy: Tissues, but no organs.
• Digestion: One body opening.
• Capture Prey: Using cnidocytes (stinging cells).
• Reproduction: Asexual, sexual, or both.

Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Name Meaning: "Flatworms."
• Examples: Planarians, flatworms.
• Habitat: Parasitic, marine, freshwater.
• Symmetry: Bilateral.
• Anatomy: Acoelomate (lacking a body cavity).
• Digestion: Two body openings.
• Response: Possess a ganglion ("brain").
• Reproduction: Asexual, sexual, or both.

Phylum Nematoda

• Name Meaning: "Thread."
• Examples: Roundworms, heartworms.
• Habitat: Parasitic, marine, freshwater.
• Symmetry: Bilateral.
• Anatomy: Pseudocoelomate (false body cavity).
• Digestion: Two body openings.
• Movement: Gliding or thrashing.
• Reproduction: Sexual or both.

Phylum Mollusca

• Name Meaning: "Soft-bodied."
• Examples: Snails, clams, squids, octopuses.
• Habitat: Water or moist land.
• Symmetry: Bilateral.
• Anatomy: Coelomate (true body cavity).
• Digestion: One body opening.
• Response: Body systems present.
• Reproduction: External fertilization.

Phylum Annelida

• Name Meaning: "Little ring."
• Examples: Earthworms, leeches.
• Habitat: Water or moist land.
• Symmetry: Bilateral.
• Anatomy: Coelomate.
• Digestion: Two body openings.
• Circulation: Open or closed.
• Reproduction: Sexual or both.

Phylum Arthropoda

• Name Meaning: "Jointed foot."
• Examples: Beetles, butterflies, grasshoppers, crawfish, spiders.
• Feature: Jointed appendages/legs.
• Symmetry: Bilateral.
• Anatomy: Coelomate.
• Digestion: Two body openings.
• Feature: Outer exoskeleton of chitin.
• Reproduction: Mostly sexual.
• Development: Protostome.

Phylum Echinodermata

• Name Meaning: "Spiny skin."
• Examples: Starfish.
• Habitat: Marine.
• Symmetry: Radial.
• Anatomy: Endoskeleton of calcium carbonate.
• Digestion: Water vascular system.
• Reproduction: Mostly sexual or both.
• Development: Deuterostome.

Vertebrate Classes

Phylum Chordata - Vertebrate Classes

Class Chondrichthyes

• Name Meaning: "Cartilaginous fish."
• Examples: Sharks, rays, skates.
• Habitat: Mostly marine.
• Symmetry: Bilateral.
• Development: Deuterostome.
• Anatomy: Cartilage skeleton.
• Feature: Placoid scales.
• Reproduction: Internal fertilization.

Class Osteichthyes

• Name Meaning: "Bony fish."
• Examples: Trout, bass, gars.
• Habitat: Aquatic habitats.
• Symmetry: Bilateral.
• Development: Deuterostome.
• Anatomy: Bony skeleton.
• Feature: Operculum over gills.
• Reproduction: External fertilization.

Class Amphibia

• Name Meaning: "Double life."
• Examples: Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, caecilians.
• Habitat: Water, land, or both.
• Symmetry: Bilateral.
• Development: Undergo metamorphosis to transition from water to land.
• Anatomy: 3-chamber heart.
• Reproduction: External fertilization in frogs.

Class Reptilia

• Name Meaning: "Creeping animal."
• Examples: Snakes, turtles, crocodiles.
• Habitat: Adapted to life on land.
• Symmetry: Bilateral.
• Anatomy: Dry skin with scales.
• Development: Amniotic eggs.
• Anatomy: Ectothermic.
• Reproduction: Internal fertilization.

Class Aves

• Name Meaning: "Bird."
• Examples: Owls, songbirds, eagles.
• Habitat: Live on land, able to fly.
• Symmetry: Bilateral.
• Anatomy: Endothermic.
• Anatomy: Feathers for flight.
• Reproduction: Internal fertilization.
• Anatomy: 4-chamber heart.

Class Mammalia

• Name Meaning: "Breast."
• Examples: Bears, dolphins, zebras.
• Anatomy: Hair for insulation and mammary glands to secrete milk.
• Anatomy: Endothermic.
• Reproduction: Internal fertilization.
• Reproduction: Most develop in the uterus and are nourished by the placenta.