Drug charts

Antibiotics

Macrolides

  • Oral: Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin

  • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits protein synthesis

  • Therapeutic Effect: Slows growth of microorganisms

  • Therapeutic Use: Community-acquired pneumonia

  • Complications/Side Effects:

    • GI discomfort (N/V); take Erythromycin with meals and others on an empty stomach

    • Prolonged QT intervals

    • Ototoxicity (monitor for hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus)

  • Contraindications:

    • Liver disease

    • QT prolongation

Tetracyclines

  • Oral: Doxycycline

  • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits protein synthesis

  • Therapeutic Effect: Inhibits growth of microorganisms

  • Therapeutic Use: Community-acquired pneumonia

  • Complications/Side Effects:

    • GI discomfort (N/V/D); take on an empty stomach

    • Tooth discoloration (yellow/brown) (do not give to children under 8)

    • Hepatotoxicity (at high doses)

    • Photosensitivity (wear protective clothing/sunscreen)

Beta-Lactams

Penicillins
  • Oral: Penicillin, Amoxicillin, Piperacillin/Tazobactam

  • Mechanism of Action: Destroys bacterial cell walls

  • Complications/Side Effects:

    • Allergies, anaphylaxis (observe reactions after IV)

    • Renal impairment

Cephalosporins
  • Oral: Ceftriaxone, Cefepime

  • Mechanism of Action: Destroys bacterial cell walls

  • Complications/Side Effects:

    • Allergies, anaphylaxis (observe reactions after IV, allergy to penicillin)

    • Bleeding tendencies

    • Renal insufficiency

Carbapenems
  • Oral: Meropenem

  • Mechanism of Action: Destroys bacterial cell walls

  • Complications/Side Effects:

    • Allergies, anaphylaxis (observe reactions after IV, allergy to penicillin)

    • GI upset (N/V/D)

Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids)

Inhaled:

  • Fluticasone, Beclomethasone, Budesonide

Oral:

  • Prednisone, Prednisolone

  • Mechanism of Action: Prevents inflammation by decreasing chemical mediators

  • Therapeutic Effect: Decreases edema

  • Therapeutic Use:

    • Inhaled: Long-term asthma control

    • Oral: Short-term for acute episodes and long-term for chronic asthma

  • Complications/Side Effects:

    • Bone loss (Osteoporosis) for long-term use

    • Hyperglycemia, increased appetite, weight gain

    • Myopathy, infection, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, and GI bleeds

  • Contraindications:

    • Oral: Live virus vaccine, fungal infection

Leukotriene Antagonists

  • Oral: Zafirlukast, Montelukast

  • Mechanism of Action: Suppress actions of leukotrienes

  • Therapeutic Effect: Reduces inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus production

  • Therapeutic Use: Long-term asthma therapy

  • Complications/Side Effects:

    • Depression

    • Liver injury (monitor liver functions)

    • Suicidal ideation

Anticholinergics

  • Inhaled: Ipratropium, Tiotropium

  • Mechanism of Action: Block muscarinic receptors in bronchi

  • Therapeutic Effect: Bronchodilation

  • Complications/Side Effects:

    • Dry mouth, hoarseness

    • Precaution: Narrow-angle glaucoma

  • Contraindications: Soy or peanut allergy

Xanthine Derivatives

  • Oral: Theophylline

  • Mechanism of Action: Relax bronchi smooth muscle

  • Therapeutic Effect: Bronchodilation

  • Complications/Side Effects:

    • GI distress

    • Restlessness, palpitations, tachycardia

    • Dysrhythmias, seizures (Toxicity - therapeutic range: 5-15 mcg/mL)

Diuretics

Loop Diuretics

  • Oral/IV: Furosemide, Torsemide

  • Mechanism of Action: Blocks sodium and water reabsorption in the loop of Henle

  • Therapeutic Uses:

  • Rapid fluid mobilization, hypertension, heart failure

  • Complications/Side Effects:

    • Dehydration, hypotension, ototoxicity, hypokalemia

    • Nocturia

Thiazide Diuretics

  • Oral: Hydrochlorothiazide

  • Mechanism of Action: Blocks sodium and water reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule

  • Therapeutic Use: First choice for essential hypertension

  • Complications/Side Effects:

    • Dehydration, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, nocturia

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

  • Oral: Spironolactone

  • Mechanism of Action: Blocks aldosterone action

  • Therapeutic Use: Hypertension, edema, heart failure

  • Complications/Side Effects:

    • Hyperkalemia

  • Contraindications:

    • Hyperkalemia, kidney failure with anuria

Calcium Channel Blockers

  • Oral: Nifedipine, Amlodipine

  • Mechanism of Action: Blocks calcium channels in blood vessels

  • Therapeutic Effect: Vasodilation

  • Complications/Side Effects:

    • Reflex tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, peripheral edema

Beta Adrenergic Blockers

  • Oral: Metoprolol, Propranolol, Atenolol

  • Mechanism of Action:

    • Decrease heart rate, cardiac output, and AV conduction

    • Block renin release

    • Result in vasodilation

  • Complications/Side Effects:

    • Bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, orthostatic hypotension

Anticoagulants

Heparin and Low Molecular Weight Heparin

  • IV/SubQ: Heparin, Enoxaparin

  • Mechanism of Action: Activates antithrombin to inhibit fibrin

  • Therapeutic Use: Prevents DVT in post-op clients

  • Complications/Side Effects: Toxicity; hemorrhage (monitor vital signs)

Vitamin K Antagonists

  • Oral: Warfarin

  • Mechanism of Action: Antagonizes Vitamin K

  • Therapeutic Use: Prevention of clots

  • Complications/Side Effects: Hemorrhage, hepatitis, toxicity

Antiplatelets

  • Oral: Aspirin, Clopidogrel

  • Mechanism of Action: Inhibition of clot formation in vessels

  • Complications/Side Effects: GI effects, bleeding, tinnitus (aspirin)

Insulin

  • Classes: Rapid, Short, Intermediate, Long, Mixed

  • Complications/Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, lipohypertrophy

  • Interactions: with oral antidiabetics, beta blockers, alcohol

NSAIDs

  • 1st Generation: Aspirin, Ibuprofen, etc.

  • 2nd Generation: Celecoxib

  • Complications/Side Effects: GI discomfort, bleeding, impaired kidney function

Antihistamines

1st Generation

  • Oral: Diphenhydramine

  • Complications/Side Effects: Sedation, dry mouth

2nd Generation

  • Oral: Loratadine, Cetirizine

  • Complications/Side Effects: Generally less sedation

Proton Pump Inhibitors

  • Oral/IV: Omeprazole, Pantoprazole

  • Complications/Side Effects: Bacterial colonization, osteoporosis, hypomagnesemia

Antiemetics

Serotonin Antagonists

  • Oral/IV: Ondansetron

  • Complications/Side Effects: Headache, prolonged QT interval

Dopamine Antagonists

  • Oral/IV: Metoclopramide

  • Complications/Side Effects: Extrapyramidal symptoms

Anticholinergic

  • Transdermal: Scopolamine

  • Complications/Side Effects: sedation

Laxatives

Bulk-Forming Laxatives

  • Example: Psyllium

Surfactant Laxatives

  • Example: Docusate sodium

Osmotic Laxatives

  • Examples: Magnesium hydroxide, Lactulose

Stimulant Laxatives

  • Examples: Bisacodyl, Senna

Summary on Eye Drops

Beta Adrenergic Blockers

  • Example: Timolol

Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists

  • Example: Brimonidine

Prostaglandin Analogs

  • Example: Latanoprost

Cholinergic Agonists

  • Example: Pilocarpine

Adrenergic Agonists

  • Example: Phenylephrine

Anticholinergics

  • Example: Atropine

Key Differences Within Each Drug Class

Macrolides

  • Oral Options: Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin

  • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits protein synthesis

  • Therapeutic Use: Primarily used for community-acquired pneumonia

  • Complications/Side Effects: GI discomfort, prolonged QT intervals, ototoxicity

  • Contraindications: Liver disease, QT prolongation

Tetracyclines

  • Oral Options: Doxycycline

  • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits protein synthesis

  • Therapeutic Use: Used for community-acquired pneumonia

  • Complications/Side Effects: GI discomfort, tooth discoloration, hepatotoxicity, photosensitivity

  • Contraindications: Should not be given to children under 8

Beta-Lactams

Penicillins
  • Oral Options: Penicillin, Amoxicillin, Piperacillin/Tazobactam

  • Mechanism of Action: Destroys bacterial cell walls

  • Complications/Side Effects: Allergies, renal impairment

Cephalosporins
  • Oral Options: Ceftriaxone, Cefepime

  • Mechanism of Action: Destroys bacterial cell walls

  • Complications/Side Effects: Allergies, renal insufficiency, bleeding tendencies

Carbapenems
  • Oral Option: Meropenem

  • Mechanism of Action: Destroys bacterial cell walls

  • Complications/Side Effects: Similar to penicillins, includes GI upset

Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids)

Inhaled
  • Options: Fluticasone, Beclomethasone, Budesonide

  • Therapeutic Use: Long-term asthma control

  • Complications/Side Effects: Bone loss, hyperglycemia

Oral
  • Options: Prednisone, Prednisolone

  • Therapeutic Use: Short-term for acute episodes, long-term for chronic asthma

Leukotriene Antagonists

  • Oral Options: Zafirlukast, Montelukast

  • Mechanism of Action: Suppress actions of leukotrienes

  • Complications/Side Effects: Depression, liver injury, suicidal ideation

Anticholinergics

  • Inhaled Options: Ipratropium, Tiotropium

  • Mechanism of Action: Block muscarinic receptors in bronchi

  • Complications/Side Effects: Dry mouth, precautions with narrow-angle glaucoma

Xanthine Derivatives

  • Oral Option: Theophylline

  • Mechanism of Action: Relaxes bronchi smooth muscle

  • Complications/Side Effects: GI distress, tachycardia, potential for seizures

Diuretics

Loop Diuretics
  • Oral/IV Options: Furosemide, Torsemide

  • Mechanism of Action: Blocks sodium/water reabsorption in the loop of Henle

  • Complications/Side Effects: Dehydration, hypotension, ototoxicity

Thiazide Diuretics
  • Oral Option: Hydrochlorothiazide

  • Mechanism of Action: Blocks sodium/water reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule

  • Complications/Side Effects: Risk of dehydration, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
  • Oral Option: Spironolactone

  • Mechanism of Action: Blocks aldosterone action

  • Complications/Side Effects: Risk of hyperkalemia

Calcium Channel Blockers

  • Oral Options: Nifedipine, Amlodipine

  • Mechanism of Action: Blocks calcium channels in blood vessels

  • Complications/Side Effects: Reflex tachycardia, peripheral edema

Beta Adrenergic Blockers

  • Oral Options: Metoprolol, Propranolol, Atenolol

  • Mechanism of Action: Decreases heart rate, cardiac output

  • Complications/Side Effects: Bradycardia, orthostatic hypotension

Anticoagulants

Heparin and Low Molecular Weight Heparin
  • Options: Heparin, Enoxaparin

  • Mechanism of Action: Activates antithrombin to inhibit fibrin

  • Complications/Side Effects: Hemorrhage, requires monitoring

Vitamin K Antagonists
  • Oral Option: Warfarin

  • Mechanism of Action: Antagonizes Vitamin K

  • Complications/Side Effects: Hemorrhage, toxicity

Antiplatelets

  • Oral Options: Aspirin, Clopidogrel

  • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits clot formation

  • Complications/Side Effects: GI effects, bleeding

Insulin

  • Classes: Rapid, Short, Intermediate, Long, Mixed

  • Complications/Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, hypokalemia

NSAIDs

  • 1st Generation Options: Aspirin, Ibuprofen

  • 2nd Generation Option: Celecoxib

  • Complications/Side Effects: GI discomfort, bleeding

Antihistamines

1st Generation
  • Oral Option: Diphenhydramine

  • Complications/Side Effects: Sedation, dry mouth

2nd Generation
  • Oral Options: Loratadine, Cetirizine

  • Complications/Side Effects: Generally less sedation

Proton Pump Inhibitors

  • Oral/IV Options: Omeprazole, Pantoprazole

  • Complications/Side Effects: Bacterial colonization, hypomagnesemia

Antiemetics

Serotonin Antagonists
  • Oral/IV Option: Ondansetron

  • Complications/Side Effects: Headache, prolonged QT

Dopamine Antagonists
  • Oral/IV Option: Metoclopramide

  • Complications/Side Effects: Extrapyramidal symptoms

Anticholinergic
  • Transdermal Option: Scopolamine

  • Complications/Side Effects: sedation

Laxatives

Bulk-Forming
  • Example: Psyllium

Surfactant
  • Example: Docusate sodium

Osmotic
  • Examples: Magnesium hydroxide, Lactulose

Stimulant
  • Examples: Bisacodyl, Senna

Summary on Eye Drops

  • Beta Adrenergic Blockers: Example: Timolol

  • Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists: Example: Brimonidine

  • Prostaglandin Analogs: Example: Latanoprost

  • Cholinergic Agonists: Example: Pilocarpine

  • Adrenergic Agonists: Example: Phenylephrine

  • Anticholinergics: Example: Atropine