Unit-10-Case-Studies
Page 1: Case Studies UNIT 10
Introduction to case studies related to cave systems.
Page 2: Contents
Overview of topics covered:
Philippine Cave Systems
Characteristics of Karst Landscape
Benefits from Philippine Wetlands
Tourism and Climate Change
Religious and Historical Interactions with Caves
Summary
Page 3: Cave Systems Definition
A cave or cavern is a natural void large enough for human entry.
Formed by weathering of rock, often extending underground.
Page 4: Cave Systems Overview
Caves as key components of karst landscapes.
Classified by:
Parent bedrock
Proximity to groundwater
Morphology and speleogenetic history
Page 5: Types of Cave Systems
Types:
Solution Cave
Sea Cave
Lava Tubes
Glacier Cave
Eolian Cave
Talus Cave
Uses: Scientific research and recreation.
Pros: Insulated from elements.
Cons: Poor ventilation, high risk.
Page 6: Legal Definition of Cave
Republic Act 9072 (2001) defines cave and cave systems, including naturally occurring voids large enough for individual entry.
Excludes man-made excavations.
Page 7: Philippine Cave Systems
More than 1,500 identified caves, many yet to be explored.
Page 8: Cave Ecosystems
Ecosystems provide habitats for various organisms.
Organisms include microorganisms, plants, and animals in diverse cave zones.
Page 9: Puerto Princesa National Park
Notable cave featuring unique speleothems and a navigable underground river.
Page 10: Limestone Caves
Most common type in the Philippines, formed in warm shallow seas.
Can turn into marble under pressure.
Page 11: Formation of Limestone Caves
Movement under Earth's crust lifts sedimentary rock.
Plant growth causes rock to crack.
Rainwater dissolves limestone, forming caves.
Continuous water action creates more chambers.
Page 12: Cave Features
Stalactites: Icicle-like deposits from dripping water.
Stalagmites: Deposits formed on the floor from dripping water.
Page 13: Physical Features of Limestone Caves
Passages, hydrology (karst aquifer), speleothems, and microclimate details.
Page 14: Characteristics of Karst Landscape
Integration of surface and subterranean features; historical artifacts found in cave deposits.
Page 15: Fragility of Karst Ecosystems
Ecosystems depend on water quality and environmental conditions.
Page 16: Religious and Historical Significance of Caves
Caves in the Philippines linked to religions, myths, and burial practices.
Page 17: Cultural Significance of Caves
Examples include beliefs in spirits and ritual sites in caves.
Page 18: Historical Caves
Biak-na Bato: Revolution hideout, Manunggul Cave: ancient religious beliefs.
Page 19: Lipuun Cave
Important archaeological site located in Palawan.
Page 20: Tourism and Climate Change
Overview of tourism's impact on environments.
Page 21: Tourism Definition
Activities involving travel to places outside usual environments for varied purposes.
Page 22: Climate Change Definition
Changes attributed to human activity affecting the atmosphere.
Page 23: Tourism Sector Significant Impact
Largest global growing industry impacting economies and environments.
Page 24: Climate Change Impact on Tourism
Tourism industry affected by climate change; focus on reducing carbon emissions.
Page 25: Nature-Based Tourism Types
Examples: Eco-tourism, Adventure tourism, Wildlife tourism.
Page 26: Adventure Tourism
Travel involving risk and physical activity to observe natural settings.
Page 27: Wildlife Tourism and Extractive Tourism
Interaction with local ecosystems for tourism.
Page 28: Nature Retreat
Focus on wellness and deeper connections with nature.
Page 29: Definition of Wetlands
Areas controlled by water, important for ecosystems in the Philippines.
Page 30: Wetland Types
Includes lakes, swamps, marshes, coral reefs, etc.
Page 31: Ramsar Sites in the Philippines
Notable wetlands recognized internationally.
Page 32: Other Wetland Locations
Various notable wetlands in the Philippines listed.
Page 33: Benefits of Philippine Wetlands
Provide stable food sources, contributing to ecosystem health.
Page 34: Wetland Products
Key resources like rice, fish, and water from wetlands.
Page 35: Rice Production
Rice from irrigated lands and created wetlands.
Page 36: Fish Resources
Fish sourced from inland and coastal wetlands.
Page 37: Water Resources
Wetlands contribute to freshwater supplies across Philippines.
Page 38: Types of Wetlands Overview
Chart showing different wetland types across the region.
Page 39: Reservoir and Lake Types
Visual representation of lakes and reservoirs in the Philippines.
Page 40: Estuaries and Tidal Flats
Characteristics and importance of estuarine environments.
Page 41: Swamps and Highland Lakes
Features of swamps and their ecological importance.
Page 42: Water Impound
Relation of terraces and environmental impact.
Page 43: Coral Reefs Overview
Importance and specific features of coral ecosystems.
Page 44: Marsh and River Significance
Role of marshes in ecology and hydrology.
Page 45: Mangrove Forests and Seagrass Beds
Critical roles in coastal ecosystems.
Page 46: Fishpond and Irrigation Methods
Importance for local agriculture and fishing industries.
Page 47: Wetlands Ecosystem Functions
Functions of wetlands in ecology and human interaction.
Page 48: Summary
Value of Philippine caves for science, culture, and biodiversity with challenges posed by human activity and climate impact on tourism.
Page 49: Credits
Acknowledgments for the presentation resources.