unit 6 aphug vocab
Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land Use Patterns and Processes
origin and influences of urbanization | urbanization: refers to the movement of people to towns/cities and the resulting expansion of the rural countryside influences on urbanization: changes in transportation and communication, population growth, migration, economic development, and government policies |
the presence and growth of cities vary due to physical geography and resources | site: the actual physical qualities of the place that a city occupies which can influence origin, function, and growth e.g. coastal plain, valley, mountains situation: the relative location of a city (what is it near) which can influence origin, function, and growth e.g. located near shipping routes (Hong Kong, Singapore) |
spatial outcomes of urbanization that are increasingly located in countries of the periphery and semi-periphery | megacity: a large city with over 10 million people and found increasingly in the periphery and semi-periphery e.g. LDCs: Mumbai, São Paulo, Jakarta, Lima, Shenzhen, MDC: Paris meta-city: a large city with over 20 million people and found increasingly in the periphery and semi-periphery e.g. LDCs: Delhi, Mexico City, Cairo, Beijing, Mumbai MDCs: Tokyo |
new land use forms created by suburbanization, sprawl, and decentralization | suburbanization: the transformation of large areas of rural land to urban uses suburb: a residential area located on the periphery of a city suburban sprawl: unrestricted suburban growth and development over large areas spreading out from a city in which cars provide primary source of transportation edge city: a concentration of residential and economic (business, shopping, entertainment) activity located in the suburbs exurb: a residential area beyond the suburbs, often in more rural areas boomburb: residential and economic urban area that is not the largest city in their metropolitan area, but has a large population (100,000+) and tends to be spread along highways (e.g. Irvine, CA) |
cities are connected globally by networks and linkages and mediate global processes | world city: city that functions as a service center of the world economy driving globalization at the top of the urban hierarchy (hamlet, village, town, city, world city) e.g. New York City, London, Tokyo, Paris network: a system of interconnected people, goods, information, transportation, communication, finance globalization: the process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture |
explanations for distribution, size, and interaction of cities | urban hierarchy: settlements ranked by population, number of services and sphere of influence e.g. hamlet, village, town, city rank-size rule: the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy if the largest city in a country contained 1 million citizens then the: 2nd largest city would contain 500,00 (1 million/2) 3rd largest city would contain 333,333 (1 million/3) 4th largest city would contain 250,000 (1 million/4) primate city: a country's largest city, at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant (usually the capital city) and represents national culture e.g. Paris, France and London, England gravity model: a measure of the interaction of places used to predict the movement of people Christaller’s Central Place Theory (early 1933)
food and other routine household items
fine jewelry, and household appliances that are bought less often
business to prosper
goods and services |
urban models | models that are useful for explaining internal structures of cities |
Burgess Concentric Zone Model E.W. Burgess (1923) | a spatial model of the American city that suggests the existence of five concentric rings around a CBD (Central Business District)
(usually new immigrants to the city in small quarters as well as single individuals in rooming houses)
 |
Hoyt Sector Model Homer Hoyt (1939) | a spatial model of the American city that suggests that land-use areas conform to a wedge-shaped pattern focused on the downtown core (CBD)
outer edge of that district further from the center
low-class residential nearest to industrial and transportation zones |
Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model Chauncey Harris and E.L. Ullman (1945) | a spatial model that shows the mid 20th century American city consisting of several land-use zones (nodes) arranged around a CBD (Central Business District)
various land-use zones or nodes
and parks
may attract well-educated residents, bookstores, and copy places, or, the airport may attract hotels and warehouses
industries will not be placed near high-class housing |
Galactic City Model (Peripheral Model) updated model by Chauncey Harris (1997) | a spatial model in which American urban areas consist of a central city surrounded by a large suburban area, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes tied together by a beltway, or ring road
|
bid-rent theory |
equal to the value of the product minus production and transportation costs
for access to the center market (CBD)
the cost for a site
by land costs (bid-rent theory) |
Latin American City Model Griffin-Ford (1980) | a spatial city model that includes a prestigious, commercial axis (spine) which emanates outward from the CBD and is surrounded by a peripheral area containing squatter settlements; the city structure can be attributed to colonialism, the rapid rise of industrialization, and rapid population increase |
Southeast Asian City Model McGee (1967) | a spatial city model that includes an old colonial port zone that is the focal point of the city reflecting a city oriented around exports, and radiating outward from the port zone are the Western commercial zone and Alien commercial zone |
Sub-Saharan African City Model de Blij | a spatial city model that is difficult to formulate due to the imprint of European colonialism, but often consists of a colonial CBD as well as a traditional CBD, and a market zone that is surrounded by squatter settlements (informal satellite townships) |
economic, political, cultural, social, and environmental challenges of urban changes | housing discrimination: discrimination in the purchase or rental of housing on the basis of race, gender, ethnicity, age, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, marital status, or veteran status red-lining: a discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominately white neighborhoods ALSO a discriminatory banking practice of refusing to loan money to people in “risky” neighborhoods, creating a downward spiral in which poor neighborhoods became increasingly rundown ALSO USED BY insurance companies to refuse coverage or to cancel policies blockbusting: a real estate technique used to encourage people to sell their property at a very low price by giving the impression that the neighborhood was changing for the worse, especially in reference to minorities moving in and led to a significant turnover in housing which benefited real estate agents and led to the “white flight” to the suburbs affordable housing: residential units that are economical for the section of society whose income is below the median household income access to services: measure of people’s ability to pay for services without financial hardship (health services, infrastructure) high crime rates: contributing factors include lack of job availability, less access to quality schools, and real or perceived lack of opportunity environmental injustice: disproportionate exposure to communities of color and the poor to pollution and its effects on health and the environment; includes inadequate access to healthy food, inadequate transportation, unsafe neighborhoods with poor air and water quality disamenity zone: area located within the city characterized by slums and the homeless and in extreme cases are controlled by gangs or drug lords zones of abandonment: areas with lack of jobs, declining land values and falling demand that cause people to leave and businesses to close |
conflicts over land within urban areas have increased | squatter settlements (slum/favela/barrio/shantytown): residential areas characterized by extreme poverty with shelters constructed of found materials (scrap wood, etc.) that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned or rented by its occupants with little or no access to water, sewage, garbage removal, or education land tenure: system regulating the rights to ownership and control and usage of land |
responses to economic and social challenges in urban areas | inclusionary zoning: planning ordinances that provide affordable housing to people with low to moderate incomes local food movements: food that is produced within a short distance of where it is comsumed, often accompanied by a social structure and supply chain different from the large-scale supermarket system |
urban renewal and gentrification have both positive and negative consequences | urban renewal: the redevelopment of areas within an urban area, typically neighborhoods in economic decline gentrification: the restoration of deteriorated urban areas by wealthier (mostly middle-income) people who move into, renovate, and restore housing and sometimes businesses negative consequences include impact to existing groups: displaces poorer residents disregards the needs and interests of vulnerable groups disregards lawful rights of vulnerable groups (e.g. coercion) disproportionately improves quality of life positive consequences include added revenue from increased city productivity: new employment opportunities improved housing improved infrastructure increase in visitors/tourism |
functional and geographic fragmentation of governments presents challenges in addressing urban issues | functional fragmentation of government: refers to the way governmental institutions are dispersed between many local agencies including state, county, city and neighborhood levels interaction between local government agencies can be: collaboratively to provide services and reduce common threats or competitively through taxation and/or land use decisions that can be harmful to an entire region |
challenges to urban renewal | urban sustainability: the idea that a city can meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs in terms of economic, environmental and social impact challenges to urban sustainability: managing suburban sprawl, sanitation needs, climate change, air and water quality standards, the ecological footprint of cities, and energy use responses to urban sustainability challenges: regional planning efforts, remediation and redevelopment of brownfields, establishment of urban growth boundaries (e.g. greenbelts), and farmland protection policies |
residential buildings and patterns of residential land-use | low density housing: land use pattern meant for a small number of residential homes that include a lot of open space and contain the fewest people per geographic unit medium density housing: land use pattern in which residential units include multi-unit housing, such as townhomes as well as single-unit housing high density housing: land use pattern in which land is occupied by residential units that include multi-unit housing such as high-rise buildings and contain the highest people per geographic unit residential buildings and patterns of land use: reflect and shape the city’s culture, technological capabilities, cycles of development, and infilling (development of vacant areas within existing urban areas) location and quality of a city’s infrastructure: affects economic development and social development |
sustainable design initiatives and zoning practices | sustainable development: meeting human development goals while sustaining the natural systems that provide the natural resources upon which the economy and society depend zoning: classifying land and identifying the types of activities that are permitted e.g. residential, industrial, commercial, agricultural mixed land use: land development that blends a combination of residential, commercial, cultural, institutional and/or industrial uses walkability: a measure of how friendly an urban area is to walking transportation-oriented development: land use pattern that includes a mix of commercial, residential, office and entertainment space centered around or located near public transport; dense, walkable, mixed use development near transit that attracts people to connect communities smart growth policies: urban planning that avoids urban sprawl and focuses on long term implications with sustainable design initiatives and guides development into more convenient patterns and into areas where infrastructure allows growth to be sustained over the long term new urbanism: smart growth policy that creates walk-able, mixed land use neighborhoods with commercial and residential areas green belt: an area of natural land on which building is restricted and whose main purpose is to curb the outward expansion of a large urban area e.g. London slow growth cities: smart growth policies that concentrate growth in walkable urban centers to decrease sprawl |
effects of urban design initiatives | |
qualitative and quantitative data is used to show causes and effects of change within urban areas | quantitative data: census and survey data provide information about changes in population composition and size qualitative data: field studies and narratives provide information about individual attitudes toward urban change |