Topic 4 - Bioenergetics
4.1 Photosynthesis
4.1.1 Photosynthetic Reaction
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?
Is photosynthesis an exothermic or endothermic reaction?
What is an endothermic reaction?
Photosynthesis as an ______________ reaction in which energy is transferred from the ____________ to the _____________ by ______.
4.1.2 Rate of Photosynthesis
What are the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis? (4)
What adaptations do the leaves of plants have that makes them well equipped for photosynthesis? (6)
What is meant by a limiting factor?
What is the effect on photosynthesis when you increase the light intensity?
Why does this graph of light intensity against the rate of photosynthesis level off?
What is the effect on photosynthesis when you increase the temperature?
What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when the temperature is too high? Why?
What effect does increasing carbon dioxide concentration have on the rate of photosynthesis?
Why do the carbon dioxide concentrations around a plant rise at night?
Why does this graph of carbon dioxide concentration against the rate of photosynthesis level off?
What happens if a plant doesn’t have enough magnesium?
As the distance of the light from the plant __________, the light intensity __________.
That is an _________ relationship — as one goes ____, the other goes _____.
What is the inverse square law for light intensity in the context of photosynthesis?
Outside, there is a constant interaction between the different factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis. For example:
Early in the morning, ______ ________ and ______________ often limit the rate of photosynthesis.
As light levels and the temperature rise, ________ ________ levels become limiting.
On a bright, cold winter day, ___________ probably limits the rate of the process.
Why would big commercial greenhouses control the temperature, the levels of light and carbon dioxide?
What are the advantages of growing crops in greenhouses? (5)
What are the disadvantages of growing crops in greenhouses? (5)
Required Practical 6 — Photosynthesis
What are the 3 ways of measuring the rate of photosynthesis in the lab?
What is the independent variable in RP 6?
What is the dependent variable in RP 6?
What are the control variables in RP 6?
What are the sources of error in RP 6?
What are 3 ways to get a more accurate value of the oxygen produced in RP 6?
Why do we use a LED light source in RP 6?
If we used a light source that emitted too much heat, what effect would it have on the experiment?
Why do we use sodium hydrogen carbonate solution in RP 6?
Why do we leave the piece of pondweed in the boiling tube for 5 minutes in RP 6?
What happens to the number of bubble of oxygen produced per minute if you double the distance?
In RP 6, if we double the distance, then the number of bubbles per minute falls by a factor of four.
What is this called?
Why does this happen?
Required Practical 6 — Photosynthesis:
1. Place a boiling tube 10 cm away from an ______ light source.
2. Fill the boiling tube with ________ ___________ _________ solution.
3. Put a piece of __________ in the boiling tube with the cut end at the ____.
Leave this for 5 minutes
4. Once you see bubbles of _______, start a __________ and count the number of bubbles produced in one minute.
5. Repeat steps 1 - 4 two more times, remove _________, and calculate the ______ number of bubble produced in one minute.
6. Repeat steps 1 - 5 for different distances (20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm).
4.1.3 Uses of Glucose from Photosynthesis
What can glucose produced in photosynthesis be used for? (5)
To produce proteins, plants also use _______ _____ that are absorbed from the ____.
What is the test for glucose (sugars)?
What is the test for starch?
What is the test for proteins?
4.2 Respiration
4.2.1 Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration
Is cellular respiration an exothermic or endothermic reaction?
What is aerobic respiration?
What is anaerobic respiration?
Respiration in cells can take place ____________ (using oxygen) or ______________ (without oxygen), to transfer ________.
What do organisms need energy for?
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles?
Why is less energy transferred in anaerobic respiration than in aerobic respiration?
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells?
Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called _____________ and has economic importance in the manufacture of ______ and ____________ ______.
What does the number if mitochondria in a cell tell you?
Mitochondria have a folded inner membrane that provides a ________ __________ _____ for the ________ involved in aerobic respiration.
4.2.2 Response to Exercise
During exercise the human body reacts to the increased demand for ________.
The ______ _____, __________ ____, and _______ _______ increase during exercise to supply the _______ with more ______________ blood.
During exercise, what happens if insufficient oxygen is supplied to the muscles?
During anaerobic respiration in muscles, what does the incomplete oxidation of glucose cause?
What can a build up of lactic acid cause?
During long periods of vigorous activity muscles become __________ and stop ____________ efficiently.
What does the body do to reduce the build up of lactic acid from anaerobic respiration?
What is oxygen debt?
What s the equation for oxygen debt repayment?
Fully explain the increase in heart rate during exercise.
Fully explain the increase in breathing rate during exercise.
During exercise, why is the glycogen stored in the muscles converted back to glucose?
4.2.3 Metabolism
What is metabolism?
How is the energy transferred by respiration in cells is used by the organism?
What does metabolism include? (5)
Metabolism includes the formation of lipid molecules from a molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids. (2.2.1 The Human Digestive System)
Explain this in detail.
Metabolism includes breakdown of excess proteins to form urea for excretion. (5.3.3. Maintaining Water & Nitrogen Balance in the Body)
Explain this in detail.