The Song Dynasty of China utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify their rule.
In China, the system of using examinations for recruiting officials began under the Han Dynasty. Candidates faced fierce competition in a series of exams dealing primarily with Confucian texts on the local, regional, and state levels.
Developments in East Asia (1200-1450)
Chinese Cultural Traditions
Confucianism
Founder: Confucius
Date of Origin: 6th century B.C.E.
Location of Origin: China
Social Harmony through moral example; secular outlook; importance of education; family as a model of the state.
Daoism
Founder: Laozi
Date of Origin: 6th-3rd centuries B.C.E.
Location of Origin: China
Withdrawal from the world into contemplation of nature; simple living; end of striving.
Buddhism
Founder: Siddhartha Gautama
Date of Origin: 6th Century B.C.E.
Location of Origin: India
Suffering caused by desire/attachment; end of suffering through modest and moral living and meditation practice.
Cultural traditions continued to shape societies and have influenced neighboring regions (Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam).
Economic Systems 101
As societies began to develop, they affect and are affected by the ways they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.
Producers: free peasants and artisanal labor.
Exchangers: merchants.
Consumers: individuals and/or groups.
As societies develop, they affect and are affected by the ways that they produce, exchange, and consume goods and services.
The economy of Song China flourished as a result of increased productive capacity, expanding trade networks, and innovations in agriculture and manufacturing.
The ways that societies produce, exchange, and consume goods and services will be seen throughout the course.
Technological innovations and their effects will become increasingly more complex over time.
Developments in Dar al-Islam from 1200 to 1450
Dar al-Islam = House of Islam.
Locations: Middle East, North Africa, and the southern part of Western Europe.
Spread to East and West Africa, Eastern Europe, the northern part of India, and SE Asia after 900 CE.
Cultural Developments and Interactions in Dar al-Islam
Islam, Judaism, and Christianity continued to shape societies in Africa, Asia, and Europe.
The spread of belief systems across trade networks facilitates cross-cultural exchanges.
Interactions become more frequent and complex over time.
Products and Foods traded.
UNIT 2 (1200-1450) Silk Roads
A vast network of roads and trails that facilitated trade and the spread of culture and ideas across Eurasia in and before the period 1200-1450.
As trade and goods occurred across these routes, various ideas and cultural traits were exchanged, which we call Cultural diffusion.
Mainly luxury items were exchanged, notably Chinese silk.
It was expensive to haul goods, so selling luxury goods was the only way to earn profits.
Silk Roads grew during this period because of innovations in commercial practices
Innovations in Commercial Practices
Development of money economies (pioneered by Chinese).
Started using paper money to facilitate trade.
This increased the ease of travel and the security of transactions.
Increasing use of credit.
“Flying money.”
Rise of Banks.
Necessary to keep the flow of trade.
Bill of exchange.
Transportation
Caravanserai.
Provided safety from plunderers.
Became centers of cultural exchange and diffusion.
Saddles.
Introduced to make riding easier over long distances.
Significant Effects of Innovations
Rise of powerful trading cities along the Silk Road because cities were strategically located along these routes that they grew in power and wealth
With increasing demand for interregional trade, Kashgar became a destination in itself, hosting highly profitable markets and eventually becoming a thriving center for Islamic scholarship.
The second effect was the increased demand for luxury goods like Chinese silk and Porcelain.
As demand grew for these luxury items, Chinese, Indian, and Persian artisans increased their production of these goods.
The third effect was cultural diffusion.
Islamic merchants spread Islam, and Buddhist merchants spread Buddhism.
Mongol Empire
Largest land-based empire.
Temujin was the leader.
He was a Mongol, and the Mongols were pastoral nomads.
Nomads: traveling people who move from place to place.
Temujin became a powerful leader and through skillful diplomacy allied himself with people.
After leading several military raids, Temujin united the various Mongol groups under himself in 1206.
Got himself the name GHENGIS KHAN and which he attacked and conquered northern China and all around the world.
He died in 1227.
His sons kept right on expanding until the empire reached its peak in 1279.
Mongols promoted religious tolerance.
Mongols won many victories due to their military organization and superior weaponry.
The Song Dynasty had lost control of its Northern Territory, and large states like the Abbasid empire had been declining in power.
Kublai Khan ruled in China and set up a new Chinese dynasty (Yuan Dynasty).
Silk Roads were never more organized and prosperous than they were under Mongol rule.
Silk Roads fell under Mongol rule.
Mongol rulers improved the infrastructure of many of the places they ruled and increased the flow of communication and cooperation across Eurasia.
Indian Ocean Exchange
A network of sea routes that connected the various states throughout Afro-Eurasia through trade.
Causes that caused it to expand:
Collapse of the Mongol Empire.
When the Mongol empire started to fall apart, so too did the ease and safety of travel along the Silk Roads, and that led to a greater emphasis on maritime trade in the Indian Ocean.
Maritime = sea-based.
Innovations in commercial practices.
Money economies and the ability to buy goods on credit made trade easier and therefore increased the use of these routes.
Magnetic compass.
Astrolabe.
Lateen sail.
Monsoon winds.
Improvements in shipbuilding (Chinese Junk).
Things in demand were things in bulk (textiles and grain).
Spread of Islam.
The cultural and technological exchanges that occur over trade routes are just as significant as the goods exchanged over those trade routes
Trans-Saharan Network
A series of trade routes that connected North Africa and the Mediterranean world with the interior of West Africa and the rest of sub-Saharan Africa.
Arabian camel.
Camel saddles.
Caravanserai.
With merchants now able to travel more comfortably and carry bigger loads and find shelter along the way, by 1200 the Trans-Saharan network expanded larger than it had ever been.
Trans-Saharan goods: Gold, Kola Nuts, horses, and salt.
Each region specialized in creating and growing various goods, and that difference created the demand to trade with each other and created the occasion for the expansion of those networks.
EMPIRE OF MALI.
Islam was introduced there.
That religious and economic connection meant that Mali, once it was established, grew exceedingly wealthy because of its participation in the Trans-Saharan trade network.
Earned wealth by taxing other merchants traveling the trade routes through their territory.
Grew in power and wealth because of that.
MANSA MUSA
Cultural Effects of Connectivity
Cultural transfers.
Buddhism spread from India to East Asia.
Buddhism changed over time.
In order to make Buddhist teachings intelligible to the Chinese population, merchants and monks explained them in terms of Chinese Daoism, which was a belief system indigenous to China.
The result was a new blending of ideas called syncretism that resulted into Chan Buddhism.
It spread to Japan and became Zen Buddhism.
Swahili was a blend of Bantu and Arabic.
Swahili city-states were a collection of independent city-states along Africa’s east coast.
They acted as brokers for goods originating from the African interior.
They became Islamic and got connected into the larger trading world of Dar-al-Islam.
Literary and artistic transfers.
Scientific and technological innovations.
Spread of gunpowder in China.
Networks of exchange led to the increasing wealth and power of trading cities.
Increase of productivity.
Constantinople- political and religious capital of the Byzantine Empire.
Ibn Battuta’s travels were important because he wrote about them and told grand stories of the places he visited which helped his readers develop an understanding of far-flung cultures across the world
Environmental Effects of Connectivity
These places were introducing new crops to various places.
When bananas were introduced to Africa, it caused the diets of the people to expand and led to population growth.
Champa Rice created an increase of food supply.
More food = more babies.
THE BLACK DEATH.
In 1331, it erupted in northern China and traveled rapidly across the Silk Roads and through the Indian Trade routes.
The plague killed ⅓ of the population
UNIT 3 (1450-1750) Land-Based Empires
The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires expanded through military conquest, territorial annexation, and effective governance.
They had centralized bureaucracies.
Taj Mahal.
Legitimize Power: Refers to the methods the ruler uses to communicate to all their subjects WHO is in charge.
Consolidate Power: Measures a ruler users to take power from other groups and claim it for him or herself.
Large imperial bureaucracies
Bureaucracy: A body of government officials responsible for administering the empire and ensures the laws are being kept
Expanding Empires = Larger Bureaucracies.
The Yuan dynasty, established by the Mongols, was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty.
Daimyo: land-owning aristocracy in Japan that employed a claim of paid warriors to protect Japan called the samurai.
Devshirme System: A system by which the Ottomans staffed their imperial bureaucracy with highly trained individuals, most of whom were enslaved.
Military expansion; creating elite cadres of military professionals.
The Ottoman Empire had Janissaries.
Rule by Divine right of kings (Europe).
Human Sacrifice (Aztecs).
Emperor of Qing Dynasty (Kangxi) used art to legitimize power.
Qing were ethnically Manchu.
Inca rulers were described to be direct descendants from the Gods.
Mughal rulers were Muslim, while most of the South Asian population was Hindu, which meant a healthy dose of suspicion toward their Muslim rulers.
Tax farming (Ottoman Empire)
Belief Systems
Europe's dominant religion was Christianity.
The Eastern Orthodox Church was dominant in East Europe.
The Roman Catholic Church was dominant in the west.
Sale of Indulgences: people purchase slips of paper which promised the forgiveness of sins.
Simony: the practice of putting high church positions up for sale.
Martin Luther: Catholic Monk; saw nothing in the Bible that said that sins could be forgiven in exchange for money and saw nothing that said Church offices could be bought.
Luther wrote a series of complaints known as the 95 Theses denouncing many of the corrupt practices and doctrines he witnessed.
It was Luther’s work that split the church once again known as the Protestant Reformation.
The Protestant Reformation was a split in the Christian church that separated Roman Catholics from the newly formed Protestants.
Luther had the printing press, which enabled his voluminous writings to spread throughout Europe quickly.
The Catholic Church realized the accusations might be true, so they created the Catholic/counter-reformation.
The church gathered a series of meetings known as the Council of Trent.
The split of the church had massive effects on state power throughout Europe. Various rulers across Europe either remained Catholic or imposed Protestantism upon the people they ruled.
This split in the church had massive effects on state power throughout Europe.
Various rulers across Europe either remained Catholic or imposed Protestantism upon the people they ruled.
Shi’a Muslims believed that the only legitimate successor had to be a blood relative of Muhammad, while Sunni Muslims believed it could be anyone who was spiritually qualified for the role.
Safavid’s were Shi’a, while the Ottoman’s were Sunni.
Both empires wanted to claim territory of their own.
Muslims held power over the Mughal Empire; however, the majority there were Hindus.
Byzantine
330-1453.
Capital: Constantinople.
Significance: preserved Greek and Roman knowledge; Orthodox Christianity flourished; significant influence on European art and architecture
Muslim Caliphates
632-1258.
Cultural Achievements: advances in science, mathematics, medicine, and philosophy; establishment of vast trade networks connecting Europe, Africa, and Asia
Ottoman
1299-1922
Constantinople
Significant influence on Europe and the Middle East.
Safavid
1501-1736
Established Twelver Shia Islam as the state religion; significant cultural achievements in art and architecture, such as the Shah Mosque
Mughal
1526-1857
Notable for its architectural achievements, including the Taj Mahal; cultural syncretism of Hindu and Muslim traditions; significant tax and land reforms.
Promoted religious tolerance
Unit 4 (1450-1750)
Technology in Sea-Based Empires
1st technology Europeans adopted was the magnetic compass, which was developed in China. It helped Sailors reckon direction accurately
Astrolabe, which enabled ships to determine their latitude and longitude by measuring stars
Lateen Sail, triangular sail; developed by Arab merchants which could take wind on either side which allowed for precise sailing
Astronomical Charts: detailed diagrams of stars and constellations; responsible by Muslims
Worked the massCaravels(Portugal) were nimble and were able to enter shallow coastal areas and navigate through inland Rivers
Carrack(Portugal) larger and could carry way more cargo
Fluyt(Dutch): Dutch were able to overthrow the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean Trade because of the fluyt
Causes of European Exploration
The new era of sea-based empire building was state-sponsored, which resulted from significant changes in the distribution of power in European states
European monarchs built up their militaries, learned how to use gunpowder weapons and implemented more efficient ways to Tex their people
States sponsored expansion of maritime exploration because of GOD, GOLD, GLORY
Mercantilism dominated Europe
Rulers were motivated to expand their trade on the sea is because as they established trading posts, that meant more gold for their coffers
New trading posts = new wealth
Europeans were Christians, and they believed it was their duty to convert people in distant lands
As many states began to claim territories over the seas, a fierce competition grew between them to claim lands before other countries did.
In 1514, Portuguese traders arrived in China. Initially, they had little effect on the Chinese, but after the merchants came the missionaries.
2 sects of Catholic missionaries made it their aim to convert the Chinese
Franciscans worked to convert the mass of Chinese people, while Jesuits worked to convert the elite
Chinese considered these missionaries barbarians and therefore, their impact was minor
With all these accomplishments under their belt, the Portuguese began work on empire building
The Portuguese established the Trading-post empire- they claimed small amounts of land at strategic locations around the African coast and throughout the Indian Ocean. Goal- possess a complete monopoly over the spice trade and to charge all other ships passing through the ports they controlled
Magellan was the first to circumnavigate the globe by going by west and then south around the tip of South America
Spain set up a significant trading post that attracted many Asian merchants
Columbus: the Spanish state sponsored this guy to seek a new westward route to Asia and to look for gold and silver to boot
Journey across the sea led Columbus into contract with then Aztec and Inca Empires where he found metric tons of the gold and silver sought by the Spanish
Columbian Exchange- The transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases from East to the West from vice versa
It meant disaster for the natives of the Americas and extraordinary and wealth for Europeans
Introduced new ways of life and death through mutual sharing of the East and West
Columbus landing on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola launched the transaction
Smallpox was a devastating disease that was exposed to Europeans; wiped out 50% of the native population
Europeans brought malaria, measles, and the flu to the Americas
Europeans introduced pigs, cows, wheat, and grapes to the Americas. These became staples in the American diet
Europeans introduced horses and the adoption of that animal changed the lives of the native Americans who lived in the plains region
Mesoamericans introduced cacao, maize, and potatoes, which led to an expanded diet and massive population growth.
Enslaved natives to make them produce gold and silver to get rich
Natives often escaped into the hills and forests
Maritime Empires Established
The Portuguese were the 1st to establish an empire in Africa- Trading Post
By setting up ports of trade at strategic locations along the African coast, the Portuguese grew rich by controlling trade, which was established in cooperation with local African leaders.
Once they arrived, the Portuguese traded with the Africans, offering them gunpowder weapons in exchange for enslaved people.
Some African peoples were open to influence from the Europeans
Some African states grew exceedingly wealthy by trading enslaved people to the Portuguese
African stated also engaged in cultural borrowing as well
The Japanese were not open to cultural/religious influence from the Europeans
British gained influence in India after the 7 years war
Spanish eventually toppled the Aztec and Incan Empires
1st coerced labor system Spain established the hacienda system of labor
The Spanish government granted haciendas to conquistadors and Spanish nobles who were willing to make the trip across the sea
2nd coreerced labor system was the encomienda system
The beneficiary of it was granted responsibility for a certain number of natives
Nobles gave protection and Christian educations for those natives in return for tribute most likely in the form of their labor
3rd was the Mit’a system in which they borrowed from the Incas
This system provided the state with labor compelling certain people to work on public projects for a given number of days per year
Chattel Slavery was a kind of slavery in which people owned other people as property
Atlantic Slave Trade devastated Africa
Europeans targeted Africans because the supply was severely diminished by European diseases and it was easy to escape.
British tried indentured servitude in North America, which compelled people to work for 7 years and then became free.
The Atlantic Slave Trade caused significant consequences in African demographics because as Europeans grew wealthy from agriculture in the Americas, demand for enslaved people spiked
Polygyny is when one man takes multiple wives
Maritime Empires Developed & Maintained
The dominant economic system of the Europeans that were doing most of the colonizing during this period was called mercantilism
Mercantilism: wealth measured in gold and silver, the state’s main economic goal is to create a favorable balance of trade (more exports than imports), colonies exist to enrich the mother country
The Joint Stock Company was created to finance colonial expansion. These companies were not financed by a government but by private investors who pooled their money together. Ex- British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company
The investors would share the profits and losses of the venture
The Commercial Revolution meant that goods are being traded for gold and silver instead of other goods
Triangular Trade was a new and massive system of trade that sprang up in the Atlantic Ocean. Manufactured goods were trade from Europe to West Africa, enslaved people were transported to the Americas, and in exchange from them, raw materials like sugar, molasses, and lumber were traded back to Europe
In 1509, the Portuguese defeated Muslim forces in a battle over trading rights
Monopoly is when one entity has total domination over a particular market. The monopolies granted certain merchants or certain governments exclusive trading rights at given ports. Ex- the monopoly established by the Spanish over tobacco growth in the Americas; Spanish grew wealthy
Effects of the African Slave Trade: African states were severely weakened by the slave trade. Ex- The Kingdom of Congo
Since those captured and enslaved were mostly men, this left women without husbands
The reality led to the rise of the practice of polygyny which is when men take more than one wife
Africa experienced a significant decline in population as a result of the slave trade
Because of the Columbian Exchange and the introduction of American foods to Africa like maize and manioc, the population began to grow in spite of its depletion
Europeans, when they were in the business of empire-building, did the opposite. Because of the spread of European diseases among the native Americans, much of their cultural and social systems
Because of the spread of diseases, social systems were wiped clean
As religion spread into new territories during this time, they were responses of syncretism and conflict
Syncretism: the blending of 2 or more beliefs into one. Ex- Africans melded their traditional, indigenous religions with the Christianity of the Europeans. They combined Christianity’s major doctrines with beliefs about the African spirit world and the importance of dance and movement.
Unit 5 (1750-1900) The Enlightenment
It was enlightenment thinking that occasioned the social and political changes that were necessary for the Industrial Revolution
Enlightenment: an intellectual movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason to reconsider the accepted ideas and social institutions of the time (human reason with natural laws). Enlightenment thinking claims the working of our minds and the understanding of the natural laws that will lead us to truth
Empiricism: the idea that reality is discerned through the senses
John Locke argued that the whole Divine right of kings thing was a deeply flawed organization of the political hierarchy. Rather, human beings are endowed with natural rights like life, liberty, and property
Enlightenment principles like the equality of all human beings lead to the breakup of empires and the proliferation of constitutional governments around the world
Nationalism: strong identification of a group of people who share an ethnic identity and a language
One disadvantage of nationalism is that states with multi-ethnic empires were threatened by empires from every side with nationalism
Adam Smith: his economic replacement for mercantilism, namely capitalism, was the idea that the government should let things go. He argued that if individuals were left alone to make their own individual economic choices, then those choices that they make would benefit all of society
Enlightenment affected religion: people began to reexamine their relationship with God
Deism: the idea that there was a God that created all things in the beginning but does not intervene in history.
People who did not embrace the Enlightenment’s pattern for change were called conservatives. By definition means a strong belief in tradition and the shunning of ideology in favor of practical ideas
Because of the enlightenment, many women found power in their choices that they had not yet accessed heretofore
Mary Wollstonecraft argued for women’s education and claimed that women, given the change, could succeed in every endeavor which were reserved exclusively for men like politics or [professional society
Women’s suffrage- Women’s right to vote
Enlightenment also affects the institutions of slavery and serfdom
By the middle of the 19th century, the population of enslaved people in America grew dramatically and the fight between the slaveholders and abolitionist grew which then led to the civil war and abolition of slavery
Due to enlightenment thought in Russia, 23 million serfs were emancipated
Nationalism and Revolution
John Locke described natural rights as those rights that are given human beings by God, not the government; Life, liberty, and property
Social Contract means that the power to rule is by nature in the hands of the people, meaning that they willingly give over some of that power to a government who in return protects their natural rights
Because of this teaching, people started getting the idea that governments ought to protect their rights, and governments ought to run by democratic processes, and governments ought to be constitutional by nature
These ideas took hold and caused a revolution in the British colonies of North America
The American Revolution occurred because the colonies had grown functionally independent of the British crown. The colonies grew suspicious of the crown because although the colonists had no representation in the British Parliament, the government kept levying taxes on the colonists, and these taxes were becoming more and more odious
July 4, 1776, the British colonies of America declared their independence and became the United States of America
The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson, was positively suffused with Enlightenment thinking, namely John Locke’s thinking
By 1783, the U.S was officially outside of the thumb of the British Empire and were a nation of their own
French Revolution
By the 1780s, France was deep in economic woes, mainly caused by war spending. In order to solve that, King Louis NVI called in 1789, a meeting of the Estates-General
The Estates-General was an official body that represented the 3 estates of the French population; the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners
Even though commoners represented 98% of the population, they still had an equal vote with the clergy and nobility, which really only represented 2% of the population
Commoners were poor and not educated
Commoners broke away and formed their own representative body called The National Assembly, and when Louis NXI heard about it, he threatened to arrest the leaders of the National Assembly
In response to that, July 14th, 1789, an angry crowd stormed the Bastille, which was a prison that symbolized monarchical abuse and the corruption of the aristocracy.
This caused other peasants in France to rise against their nobles
Louis was eventually forced to accept a new governments arrangement that have significant voice to the National Assembly
A new document of predicted with all of this called the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and it was deeply influenced by the American Declaration of Independence and included protections of basic human rights and provided for a limited monarchy
This declaration was not favorable to Louis, so he fought against it and that initiated a period of the French Revolution called the Reign of Terror, which culminated in the beheading of the king
Haitian Revolution
Across the sea, France had a colony on a little island called Haiti; 3rd revolution
Mainly made up of 2 groups of people, there were a few French plantation owners and then there was a huge population of enslaved Africans who were working for the plantation owners
The enslaved population of Haiti rose up in Revolution against their masters and killed many of them and burned their houses
In 1791, Haitian, Toussaint L’ouverture took charge and led a rebellion against the French enslavers
Haitian clenched a victory against the French and established an independent Haitian government. It was the 1st successful revolution of enslaved people and the 1st black-led independent nation in the western hemisphere
New Zealand Wars
The British annexed New Zealand in 1840 and established dominance over the natives called the Maori
The natives of New Zealand did not like being ruled by the British, so the Māori tribes joined together in order to fight against the British and expel from their land
By 1872, the British had crushed the rebellion and clamped down even tighter on the Māori
Peninsulares = European born
Creoles = European born in America
Creoles were extraordinarily wealthy because of their agricultural pursuits, but because of the mercantilist policies in Spain, they were losing a huge chunk of their profits
Creoles were also often passed over for positions of authority, which were reserved for peninsulares
Under the leadership of Simon Bolivar, the Creoles rose up against Spain. He was successful and gained a huge chunk of territory that he called Gran Colombia
Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution
Was the process of producing goods and machines in order to labor more efficiently
This shift in the means of production of goods led to worldwide changes in social and economic structures on massive scales
Reasons why it started in England:
Proximity to water as they had abundant access to rivers and canals, which created the conditions for easy and inexpensive trade.
Lots of raw materials: England’s soil lay huge deposits of coal which could be the main source of energy powering the Industrial Revolution.
Improved agricultural productivity: advances in agriculture increased harvests abundantly. Crop rotation used. When you plant the same crop in the same soil every year as they use the same nutrients until the soil isn’t fertile.
Urbanization: more food was being produced from improvements on agriculture. Because of this, people were making more babies which led to population increase. This was a huge migration of people from rural to urban areas.
Protection of Private Property: it enabled entrepreneurs to take risks and build businesses without the fear that the government or other businesses would take what they built.
Access to foreign resources: The British starting a global empire meant they had access to all the raw materials of their colonies. Because they had colonies everywhere, there was nothing they couldn’t get if they wanted it.
Accumulation of Capital: Because of wealth generated by the African Slave Trade, British capitalists had accumulated huge amounts of capital. That meant they had the occasion to invest such capital into new entrepreneurial opportunities, should they arise.
Factory System: A factory is capable of producing goods in mass. Eli Whitney came up with the notion of interchangeable parts. Made triggers for guns that worked for every gun
Industrial Revolution Spreads
From Britain, the industrial process spread into Belgium, France, and Germany because they had the same natural advantages as Britain did
And then from Europe, the Industrial Revolution spread to the U.S, Japan, and Russia
The U.S became the most significant industrial force in the world because of the huge waves of European immigrants that began showing up on their shores. Because factories needed unskilled laborers to keep their machines churning, and because the factories wanted to pay these machine churners next to nothing, immigrants fit the bill. Many of the U.S did not like anyone who was not American working in their factories.
In Russia, the industry focused heavily on the building of railroads
Russia constructed the Trans-Siberian Railroad, which stretched all the way from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean. The effect of this project was a significant increase in trade with eastern states like China.
Another focus of the Russian industrial movement was the expansion of the steel industry. By 1900, Russia was the 4th largest producer of steel in the world.
Japan’s choice to industrialize was more defensive in nature. Japan was very proud of their ancient culture. When they looked at all the social, political, and economic changes that came along with industrialization, they thought this would put their cherished cultural values at risk. Japan figured there was no way of stopping it so they decided to borrow western industrial techniques in order to make themselves viable in that new world order.
The increasingly oppressive British rule in India meant that shipbuilding went on a severe decline when the British navy took over in the Indian Ocean
The ground in the Indian soil was rich with iron. Because of the steep tariffs imposed by the British, the Indians found it was no longer worth it to mine iron and engage in any kind of economically meaningful metalwork
The British eventually shut down the Indian iron industry
Technology in the Industrial Age
The steam engine was invented by James Watt.
Watt discovered that if you burn coal then you could heat up water that could produce steam
This engine can make factories be built anymore without having to find an area with water supply
Steam engines on boats can make the boat go in any direction. This had a long effect on trade as it increased with this huge innovations
The major players in the 2nd Industrial Revolution were the U.S, Great Britain, and Germany
1st revolution majored and in steam power, iron and textiles while the 2nd majored in steel, gas power, and communications
We see the rise of the mass production of steel. It became the building block of the Industrial Revolution because a new process was introduced for refining it called the Bessemer Process.
The Bessemer Process gave people the ability to produce steel in massive quantities
The telegraph was capable of sending pulses of electricity in a combination of long and short bursts along electrical wires at great distances
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone
With these technologies major consequences accorded like the increase of trade. With new means of transportation, manufactured goods could be shipped to distance markers far more efficiently
2nd consequence was new waves of migration, it was easier to travel to different parts of the world and was easier to communicate with family members you left behind
Industrialization: Government’s Role
As industrialization spread, many governments were faced with a difficult choice, keep their values or go modern
Ottoman Empire = “Sick man of Europe”
Britain, France, and Russia were pressing in on the Ottoman Empire on all sides to establish colonial holdings
As power and wealth began to transition into the industrialized nations, the Ottomans began to see their power and wealth decline
The Ottoman had weak leaders who did nothing to stop those things
Muhammad Ali was an Ottoman officer who rose to prominence during the scuttle in Egypt
Local Egyptian leaders named Ali their governor because he had the backing of the people, the weakened sultan could do little about it
Under the leadership of Muhammad Ali, Egypt was brought into the Industrial age
400 years prior to this, Japan had largely kept to itself
Japan kept to itself because they had developed a rich culture and wanted to protect it from outside influence, especially industrial influence
To them, accepting industrialization was accepting