Araling Panlipunan QE-Q1 Reviewer

Etymology and Key Geography Concepts

  • History and Geography etymology: History from Greek histōria; Geography (geographia) – basic ideas about the world.
  • ASIA: Pinakamalaking populasyon (≈4.8\ \text{billion}).
  • CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY: Alfred Wegener; supercontinent Pangaea gradually split into the present seven continents.

Regional Terms: Peninsula, Island, Bay, Gulf, Look, Landlocked

  • TANGWAY (Peninsula): land protruding into water; examples: Malay Peninsula, Indochina Peninsula.
  • PULO (Island): land surrounded by water; examples: Boracay, Siargao.
  • LOOK (Bay): wide water body entering land; examples: Bay of Cambodia, Manila Bay.
  • GOLPO (Gulf): deep water with narrow openings; example: Gulf of Thailand.
  • LANDLOCKED: land-locked areas; example: Laos.

Mainland Southeast Asia: Major Rivers and Lakes

  • MAINLAND SEA region = continental part of TSA (Indochina).
  • Mekong River: longest river in the region; forms borders (e.g., Laos–Thailand) and supports agriculture.
  • Red River: flows from China into Hanoi, Vietnam.
  • Irrawaddy and Salween Rivers: flow through Myanmar; support agriculture.
  • Chao Phraya River: flows through Thailand; Tonle Sap: largest lake in SEA.

Insular Southeast Asia: Tectonics and Climate

  • Insular SEA features many active volcanoes.
  • THREE PANGUNAHING CONTINENTAL PLATES:
    • Eurasian Plate
    • Philippine Sea Plate (Pacific Plate)
    • Indo-Australian Plate
  • SUNDA SHELF: key maritime passage; Indonesia = largest archipelago.
  • KLIMA SA TIMOG-SILANGANG ASYA: tropical climate; monsoons.

Climate System and Geographical Primitives

  • MONSOON SYSTEM: dominates climate; seasonal winds bring rain/dry seasons.
  • SOUTHWEST MONSOON (Habagat): from Indian Ocean; heavy rain; associated with LPA.
  • NORTHEAST MONSOON (Amihan): from Siberia/China; cold, dry air.
  • TROPIC OF CANCER and TROPIC OF CAPRICORN: imaginary lines defining tropical zones.
  • LATITUDE and LONGITUDE: grid for location; EQUATOR = 0°, PRIME MERIDIAN = 0°; INTERNATIONAL DATELINE = 180°.
  • VEGETATION COVER: types and abundance of plant life in a region.

Vegetation in Southeast Asia

  • 2 URI NG VEGETATION COVER:
    1) Tropical Evergreen: varied tree heights; Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Philippines.
    2) Tropical Deciduous: teak-dominated forests; endemic species; Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Laos.
  • ENDEMIC: species unique to a place.

Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of Physical Features

  • POSITIBO: rivers as lifeblood; fertile farming lands; wetlands (wet rice paddies);
    climate-compatible livelihoods.
  • NEGATIBO: hazards – typhoons, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, drought; crop/property damage and loss of life.

Ethnolinguistic Groups in Mainland Southeast Asia

  • THAILAND: family-centered; 75 ethnic groups (84% Thai); Language: Thai; Religion with Indian/Chinese influences.
  • MYANMAR: ~135 ethnic groups; 70% Bamar; Language: Tibeto-Burman/Burmeseness; Religion: Burmeseness.
  • LAOS: farming as main livelihood; three ethnic groups: Lao Loum, Lao Theung, Lao Soung; Languages: Tai (Lao Loum), Austroasiatic (Lao Theung), Tibeto-Burman (Lao Soung).
  • MALAYSIA: shifting cultivation; Bumiputra vs non-Bumiputra; Malays (dominant); Languages: Bahasa Malaysia; Religion: Halal (Muslim), Ramadan, Hajj.
  • VIETNAM: patrilineal family emphasis; major groups incl. Kinh; influences from Chinese and Indian (Cham); Language: Vietnamese; Tet Nguyen Dan (Lunar New Year).
  • CAMBODIA: Khmer majority; other groups incl. Chinese, Vietnamese, Muslim, Cham, Malay, Laotian; Language: Khmer; Religion: various, with Buddhism prominent.
  • SINGAPORE: multiethnic society; Chinese, Malay, Indian; Languages: English, Mandarin, Malay, Tamil; Religion: diverse.

Kinship and Social Structure

  • Kinship: related individuals sharing common ancestry.
  • THREE SYSTEMS:
    • Patrilineal: lineage through father; sons as heirs.
    • Matrilineal: lineage through mother.
    • Bilateral: inheritance and kinship traced through both parents; common in SEA.

Peopling of Mainland Southeast Asia

  • PEOPLING CONCEPTS:
    • PEOPLING AUSTRONESIAN: Austronesian-speaking populations; includes Polynesians, Taiwan-origin groups, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia.
    • Mainland SEA migration: adaptation and cultural diversification; Negritos (Semang in Malaysia; Aetas in Philippines).
    • Indian and Chinese influences: trade, religion, governance; Tai-Kadai language spread.

Mainland Origin Hypothesis (Out of Taiwan) – Peter Bellwood

  • Core idea: Out of Taiwan; Austronesians originated near Taiwan and spread via land and sea.
  • 4 P’S (P.js):
    1) Pinagmulan sa Kontinente: initial settlement from Asia (Yangtze River Valley) into the Philippines, Sumatra, Java.
    2) Pagsasaka at Teknolohiya: Neolithic agriculture; new stone/tech; wetland farming; advanced tools; jade art.
    3) Paghahayupan: domesticated animals (pigs, chickens, dogs).
    4) Paghahayag: maritime dispersal across islands using boats to settle across archipelago.
  • Proto-Austronesian to Malayo-Polynesian: core languages; Western Malayo-Polynesian includes Philippines and Indonesia.

Island Origin Hypothesis (Nusantao Theory)

  • Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network: coastal SE Asia networks; maritime interactions significant.
  • Emphasizes island-based dispersal and sea routes; relates to Austronesian language spread.

Quick Recall

  • Key geographic terms: Pangaea, Pacific Ring of Fire, Sunda Shelf, monsoon, Tropics lines, Equator, Prime Meridian, International Date Line.
  • Main debates: Mainland Origin vs Island Origin in SEA peopling; Austronesian language spread; maritime vs. terrestrial pathways.