Treatment

Here is a set of 30 flashcards based on the provided source "Digital Intro: Treatment":

Flashcard 1 (Front): What were early beliefs about the cause of mental disorders and how were they treated? Flashcard 1 (Back): Early beliefs attributed mental disorders to evil spirits. Treatments included cutting holes in the skull (trepanning), music, prayers, starvation, and flogging to drive out demons.

Flashcard 2 (Front): When were asylums established in Europe and who were institutionalized in them? Flashcard 2 (Back): Asylums were established beginning in the 16th century. They housed individuals with severe mental illness along with people who had committed crimes, people with epilepsy, and even the poor.

Flashcard 3 (Front): What was the primary goal of early asylums? Flashcard 3 (Back): The primary goal of early asylums was to remove individuals with mental illness from society.

Flashcard 4 (Front): Describe the reforms initiated by Philippe Pinel in Parisian hospitals in 1793. Flashcard 4 (Back): In 1793, Philippe Pinel removed patients' shackles and chains, encouraged talking to them, and provided exercise and fresh air.

Flashcard 5 (Front): What was the York Retreat, founded by William Tuke? Flashcard 5 (Back): The York Retreat, founded by William Tuke, was a place where people with severe mental disorders could engage in reading, light manual labor, and conversation.

Flashcard 6 (Front): What was the focus of the Hartford Retreat in the United States? Flashcard 6 (Back): The Hartford Retreat focused on using a moral curative approach in a tranquil and caring environment.

Flashcard 7 (Front): What factors contributed to the decline of moral treatment in the 19th century? Flashcard 7 (Back): Industrialization, the expanding population, the rise of large cities, and the resulting pressures to admit more people contributed to replacing moral treatment.

Flashcard 8 (Front): What was the eugenics movement's view on mental disorders? Flashcard 8 (Back): The eugenics movement viewed mental disorders as a defect that required institutionalization and even sterilization.

Flashcard 9 (Front): What major shift in the treatment of mental illness occurred in the 1950s? Flashcard 9 (Back): The major shift was the introduction of antipsychotic medications.

Flashcard 10 (Front): Name three examples of classical antipsychotic medications. Flashcard 10 (Back): Examples of classical antipsychotic medications include Thorazine, Haldol, and Stellazine.

Flashcard 11 (Front): What were the primary symptoms of schizophrenia that classical antipsychotics effectively reduced? Flashcard 11 (Back): Classical antipsychotics effectively reduced symptoms of schizophrenia such as thought disorder and hallucinations.

Flashcard 12 (Front): What was the impact of antipsychotic medications on the hospitalization of patients with schizophrenia? Flashcard 12 (Back): Prior to antipsychotics, two out of three patients with schizophrenia spent most of their lives in a mental hospital; by the 1980s, the average stay was about two months.

Flashcard 13 (Front): What was the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963? Flashcard 13 (Back): This act, signed by President John F. Kennedy in 1963, provided federal funding for community mental health centers.

Flashcard 14 (Front): What is deinstitutionalization in the context of mental health treatment? Flashcard 14 (Back): Deinstitutionalization is the process of closing large asylums by providing funding for people to stay in their communities and receive local treatment and support.

Flashcard 15 (Front): What are some of the challenges that arose from deinstitutionalization? Flashcard 15 (Back): Many individuals have not found appropriate care and support in community settings, leading to issues like homelessness and incarceration.

Flashcard 16 (Front): What is psychotherapy? Flashcard 16 (Back): Psychotherapy is a general term for treatment that includes talking with a mental health provider.

Flashcard 17 (Front): Who developed psychoanalysis and when did it become a common type of treatment? Flashcard 17 (Back): Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, and it became the most common type of treatment since the early 1900s.

Flashcard 18 (Front): What is the focus of psychodynamic therapy? Flashcard 18 (Back): Psychodynamic therapy focuses on helping people gain insight on the impact of unconscious internal forces, early relationships, and critical childhood experiences.

Flashcard 19 (Front): What is the core principle of behavior therapy? Flashcard 19 (Back): Behavior therapy views negative behaviors as the problem to be solved and believes that all behavior is the result of learning, with the remedy involving new learning.

Flashcard 20 (Front): Name the scientists whose work heavily influenced behavior therapy. Flashcard 20 (Back): The work of Ivan Pavlov (classical conditioning) and E.L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner (operant conditioning) heavily influenced behavior therapy.

Flashcard 21 (Front): Describe Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Flashcard 21 (Back): CBT combines cognitive therapy (focusing on thoughts) and behavioral therapy (focusing on actions), addressing present issues with structured sessions and homework to practice new skills and ways of thinking.

Flashcard 22 (Front): What is the main principle of a mindfulness approach to therapy? Flashcard 22 (Back): A mindfulness approach cultivates a non-judgmental yet attentive mental state, focusing on awareness and acceptance of bodily sensations, thoughts, and the environment rather than trying to modify or eliminate them.

Flashcard 23 (Front): What is the purpose of group therapy like Alcoholics Anonymous? Flashcard 23 (Back): The primary aim of groups like AA is to help members manage shared challenges and to support one another against suffering relapses.

Flashcard 24 (Front): What is a randomized control trial (RCT) and why is it considered the gold standard for evaluating treatment outcomes? Flashcard 24 (Back): An RCT is a study where participants are randomly assigned to a control group or experimental group. It's the gold standard because this design accounts for individual differences and other factors to determine if the treatment made the difference.

Flashcard 25 (Front): What is meta-analysis in the context of treatment research? Flashcard 25 (Back): Meta-analysis involves combining results across multiple RCT studies to get a better picture of a treatment's typical effect across various settings.

Flashcard 26 (Front): What are the two major classes of antidepressant medications introduced shortly after antipsychotics? Flashcard 26 (Back): The two major classes of early antidepressants were monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants.

Flashcard 27 (Front): What was significant about the introduction of Prozac in 1988? Flashcard 27 (Back): Prozac, introduced in 1988, was the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), engineered to mainly act on serotonin with fewer side effects than earlier antidepressants.

Flashcard 28 (Front): What is the primary medication used to treat bipolar disorder? Flashcard 28 (Back): Lithium is effective in reducing manic episodes in many patients with bipolar disorder.

Flashcard 29 (Front): What is the mechanism of action for most anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) medications? Flashcard 29 (Back): Most anxiolytics apparently work by increasing neurotransmission in synapses containing the neurotransmitter GABA.

Flashcard 30 (Front): What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and when is it typically used? Flashcard 30 (Back): ECT involves using electrical current to induce seizures to help alleviate severe depression. It is typically used after several medications have failed and when symptoms are severely disabling.