Psychopathology Midterm

Bipolar I Disorder
- Definition: Characterized by at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
- Symptoms of Manic Episode:
  - Elevated mood or irritability
  - Increased energy or activity
  - Decreased need for sleep
  - Grandiosity
  - Racing thoughts
  - Distractibility
  - Increased goal-directed activities
  - Risky behaviors
Bipolar II Disorder
- Definition: At least one major depressive episode and one hypomanic episode, but no full manic episodes.
- Symptoms of Hypomanic Episode:
  - Similar to manic but less severe and not causing significant impairment.
Cyclothymic Disorder
- Definition: Chronic, fluctuating mood disturbance involving numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms (not meeting criteria for major depressive episode).

2. Depressive Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder
- Definition: A mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness or loss of interest, causing significant impairment.
- Symptoms:
  - Depressed mood most of the day
  - Anhedonia (loss of interest)
  - Weight change
  - Sleep disturbances
  - Fatigue
  - Feelings of worthlessness
  - Difficulty concentrating
  - Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
- Definition: Chronic form of depression lasting at least 2 years in adults (1 year in children/adolescents).
- Symptoms: Similar to MDD but less severe.

3. Anxiety Disorders

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- Definition: Excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months.
- Symptoms:
  - Restlessness
  - Fatigue
  - Difficulty concentrating
  - Irritability
  - Muscle tension
  - Sleep disturbances
Panic Disorder
- Definition: Recurrent unexpected panic attacks and concern about having more attacks.
- Symptoms of Panic Attack:
  - Palpitations
  - Sweating
  - Trembling
  - Shortness of breath
  - Feelings of choking
  - Chest pain
  - Nausea
  - Dizziness
  - Chills or heat sensations
  - Numbness
  - Feelings of unreality or loss of control
Social Anxiety Disorder
- Definition: Intense fear of social situations where embarrassment may occur.
- Symptoms:
  - Fear of being scrutinized or judged
  - Avoidance of social situations

4. Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Definition: Develops after exposure to a traumatic event.
- Symptoms:
  - Intrusive thoughts
  - Avoidance of reminders
  - Negative alterations in mood or cognition
  - Alterations in arousal and reactivity (e.g., hypervigilance)
Acute Stress Disorder
- Definition: Symptoms similar to PTSD but lasting from 3 days to 1 month after a trauma.

5. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

Substance Use Disorder
- Definition: A pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress.
- Criteria:
  - Taking larger amounts over time
  - Unsuccessful attempts to cut down
  - Spending a lot of time obtaining/using/recovering from the substance
  - Cravings
  - Failure to fulfill obligations
  - Continued use despite problems
  - Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
Gambling Disorder
- Definition: Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to significant impairment or distress.

6. Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

Schizophrenia
- Definition: A severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior.
- Symptoms:
  - Delusions (false beliefs)
  - Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren’t there)
  - Disorganized thinking (speech)
  - Grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
  - Negative symptoms (e.g., diminished emotional expression)
Schizophreniform Disorder
- Definition: Symptoms similar to schizophrenia but lasting 1 to 6 months.
Schizoaffective Disorder
- Definition: A combination of symptoms of schizophrenia and mood disorder (major depressive or bipolar type).