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Anatomy and Physiology

Gross Anatomy: Study of body systems without a microscope.
Surface Anatomy: Examination of external body structures relative to deeper structures.
Microscopic Anatomy: Requires a microscope; includes cells (cytology) and tissues (histology).
Developmental Anatomy: Examines development from fertilization to death, including structural changes throughout life.

Chemical Level: Includes atoms (e.g., hydrogen, carbon, oxygen) and their molecular combinations.
Cellular Level: Basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms; molecules form organelles.
Tissue Level: Similar cell types and their surrounding tissues form four basic types of tissues.
- Basic Tissue Types: Muscle tissue as one example.
Organ Level: Composed of multiple tissue types working together to perform functions.
Organ System Level: Groups of organs performing common functions.
Organism Level: Any living entity classified as a whole.

Organization: Relationship of parts and how they perform functions.
Metabolism: Ability to utilize energy and perform vital functions.
Responsiveness: Reaction to environmental changes.
Growth: Increase in cell number leading to overall size change.
Development: Changes occurring over the organism's lifetime.
Reproduction: Formation of new cells and organisms, passing genes to offspring.

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment (e.g., temperature, blood pressure, glucose levels).
Organ systems play a role in sustaining homeostasis.

Stands erect, upper limbs at sides with palms forward, lower limbs straight and feet flat on the floor.

Superior: Towards the head (e.g., ears are superior to shoulders).
Inferior: Towards the feet (e.g., knees are inferior to pelvis).
Anterior (Ventral): Towards the front of the body (e.g., breast is anterior to spine).
Posterior (Dorsal): Towards the back of the body.
Proximal: Close to a point of reference (e.g., hand is proximal to wrist).
Distal: Far from a point of reference (e.g., pelvis is distal to ankle).
Medial: Closer to the midline of the body (e.g., heart is medial to shoulder).
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body (e.g., ears are lateral to nose).
Superficial: Close to the surface (e.g., skin is superficial to bone).
Deep: Towards the interior of the body (e.g., bone is deeper than muscle).

Sagittal Plane: Divides body into left and right sections.
Transverse Plane: Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
Frontal Plane: Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

Regions: Vary by standard, with quadrants including URQ, ULQ, LRQ, LLQ based on patient's left.
Quadrant Assumption: Important for locating underlying organs.

Two Layers: parietal (lines body cavities) and visceral (covers internal organs).
Lubrication Role: Serous fluid prevents friction between organs.

Pericardial Cavity: Parietal and visceral pericardium surrounding the heart, contains pericardial fluid.
Pleural Cavity: Parietal and visceral pleura around the lungs, with pleural fluid.
Peritoneal Cavity: Parietal and visceral peritoneum around abdominal organs, containing peritoneal fluid.

Anatomical Position: Standing upright, arms at sides, palms forward, feet together and forward.
Biology: Study of life and organisms, including structure and function.
Body Cavity: Fluid-filled spaces protecting internal organs.
Caudal: Near the tail or lower body region.
Cell: Smallest unit of an organism, typically microscopic.
Chemical: Relating to chemical interactions and substances.
Homeostasis: Body's capability to maintain internal stability despite external changes.