Thermal energy

3 types of heat energy transfers:

1. Conduction: the transfer of thermal energy between neighboring molecules, atoms, or electrons through direct physical contact, moving from higher to lower temperature regions, in order to reach thermal equilibrium.

2. Convection: Heat convection is the transfer of thermal energy through the movement of liquids or gases. As a fluid heats up, it expands, becomes less dense, and rises. Cooler, denser fluid sinks to replace it, forming a continuous cycle called a convection current.

3. Radiation: Heat transfer via electromagnetic waves.6
   Conductors and insulators

Thermal conductors allow heat transfer through them quickly as well as easily, offering no resistance. Phone cases must have this as they need the heat from the phone to be quickly transferred to the air. Thermal insulators, on the other hand, resist heat flow, making them essential for maintaining temperature in various applications such as building materials and thermal clothing.