Module 1-Module 5 Notes

Here is the combined transcription of Modules 1 through 5:

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M/L1 9/11/26 notes

9/11/26

USJ

Diverse Societies

Kwakiutl

· Native American people that formerly inhabited the northwestern coastal region of North America

Pueblo

· Group of Native American people, descendants of the Anasazi - inhabiting the deserts of the Southwest

Iroquois

· Group of Native American people inhabiting the woodlands of the Northeast

· Trade was one of the biggest factors in bringing Native American people in contact with one another

9/11/26 Summary

The Kwakwul inhabited the northwestern coastal region formerly. The Pueblo inhabited the deserts of the Southwest. The Iroquois inhabited the woodlands of the Northeast.

Trade was a big factor in bringing tribes in contact with each other.

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M/L1

How?

Ancient People Come to the Americas

· Bering Land Bridge: A land bridge that once connected Asia & North America

· Humans probably walked this bridge to get to the Americas

Why?

Why did they cross?

· Evidence suggests the earliest Americans were big-game hunters

· They might have came on foot hunting animals

Agriculture develops

· Without having to hunt, people could now stay in an place and store excess food

· When the ocean warmed, they were trapped, and had settle

Complex Societies Flourish

· The first empires of the Americas originated in Mexico

· Olmec: 1200-400 BC

· Maya: 250 AD to 900 AD

· Aztecs: 1200 AD onward

· Incas: 1400 AD onward

Tenochtitlan

· Capital of the Aztec Empire

· Founded around 1325 AD

Ancient Desert Farmers

· Hokoham: a Native American group that lived in the valleys of the Salt and Gila river

· Anasazi: a Native American group that lived on mesa tops, cliff sides, & canyon bottoms

Mound Builders

they were called this

· To the east of the Mississippi, another series of complex societies formed

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M/L2 9/2/26

9/2/26

US History | P6

By the 1400s, Africa had been connected to the wider world through trade

Trade was an important part of connecting the region and Africa in general, to the new world

Trade brings new goods, ideas & beliefs

Geography

Savannah

· Dry grassland dotted with trees & bushes, found in sub-Saharan Africa and other tropical or subtropical regions

Songhai

· Empire that at the height of its power in the 1500's controlled much of West Africa

· Extremely wealthy through taxing goods that came through their realm, which in turn expanded their armies.

Benin

· West African kingdom that flourished in the Niger Delta (in what is now Nigeria)

· 14th - 17th century

· Very good at running government, very organized

Kongo

· Group of small kingdoms along the Zaire River in West-Central Africa, ruled under a single leader in the late 1400s.

· Leader was called a Mani Kongo

Beri is cold in the

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M/L2 adam

9/3/26

US History 1 6

The Sahara Highway

Islam: Religion founded in Arabia in AD 622 by the prophet Muhammad; its believers are called Muslims

West African Culture

They organized their societies based on lineage

ex. oldest person rules

lineage: a group of people descended from a common ancestor

Plantation: Large farm on which the labor of slaves or other workers is used to grow a single crop, such as sugarcane or cotton.

9/11/26 Summary

Trade is an important factor in bringing people together and introducing new things & ideas. Songhai ruled most of West Africa at it's

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M/L3

9/9/26

US History

Changes Come to Europe

Europeans want to get to China to buy their stuff, need to pass through Ottoman Empire.

As the 1400s began, European societies were still recovering from a series of disasters during the previous century

· Black Death / Plague

· Starvation

Prince Henry: Portuguese prince known as "Henry The Navigator" he sponsored voyages to explore the West Coast of Africa in search of a route to Asia.

· Couldn't pass through Ottoman Empire b/c they were Muslim, the other country was Christian & They did not get along

Renaissance: a period of European history lasting from about 1300-1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning & views of the world

Hierarchy: a social ordering by rank or class

Nuclear Family: a household made up of a mother, father, & their children

The European system of feudalism made up for the lack of strongly central governments during the middle ages

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M/L3

9/8/26

Crusades: a series of Christian military expeditions to the Middle East between AD 1096 and 1270, intended to drive the Muslims from the Holy Land

The Crusades opened Asian trade routes, and Europeans began to yearn for Eastern goods, like silk, porcelain, tea, & spices

Four major countries were rising & trying to get to Asia in the late 1400s. Portugal, Spain, France, England

· Portugal tried to sail around Africa

Vasco da Gama: Reached India

Caravel: Ship used by the early Spanish and Portuguese explorers. Lighter, so they were more maneuverable

Spain tried to go west, bumping into North America

Why did the Europeans want to explore?

Military: Technological advances in sailing & firearms played a large role in the European conquest of the Americas

Economic: Asian trade routes opened, beginning an interest in Eastern luxuries and greatly increasing trade opportunities

Political: European monarchs became more powerful as a result of the Crusades, and were then able to send explorers to seek more wealth & power

Religious: Europeans wanted to spread their religion

Social: People were motivated to travel as merchants because they would have the opportunity to gain affluence & rise in the social hierarchy

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M/L4

9/9/2026

US History 1

Christopher Columbus: Italian explorer who reached the Americas in 1492 while searching for a western sea route from Europe to Asia.

He ended up bumping into the Taino people

Taino: Native American people of the Caribbean islands

The first group encountered by Columbus & his men when they reached the Americas

Columbus made a total of four voyages

He was convinced he was somewhere in Asia near islands called "Indies" (to the Europeans). He called the Native Americans Indians / Las Indias

The 3 G's

· God

· Strong belief in their religion

· Convert the natives

· Gold

· Profit

· Expand trade, especially spices & precious metals

· Glory

· Adventure

· Power

· Pride

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M/L4 add on

9/10/26

US History 1

Colonization: the establishment of outlying settlements by a parent country

· The Europeans will begin making colonies in the Americas rapidly

· As they did, they brought deadly diseases. Ex: measles, mumps, chickenpox, smallpox, typhus.

· Natives died because they did not have immunity to them

Columbian Exchange: transfer beginning with Columbus's first voyage of plants, animals & diseases between the Western Hemisphere & Eastern Hemisphere

9/11/26

The European countries begin to fight for land / colonies.

Treaty of Tordesillas: the 1494 treaty in which Spain & Portugal agreed to divide the lands of the Western Hemisphere between them

· Essentially, they split the world between them.

Disease ravaged the Native Americans and the Native American workforce died. Europeans turned to African slaves instead.

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M/L5

9/14/2026

US History 1

Conquistador: Spaniards who traveled to the Americas as explorers & conquerors in the 16th century

· Spaniards will land in America and try to conquer Native American tribes

Hernan Cortes: Spanish conquistador, conquered Mexico & brought about the fall of the Aztec Empire

While searching for riches, the Spaniards found Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs thought Cortes was an armor clad god, the emperor agreed to give Cortes a share of the empire's gold supply. 1520, The Aztecs rebelled after Cortes forced them to mine more gold, silver, but there was already European disease

Tenochtitlan was burned, Cortes planned New Spain

New Spain: Vast North American Colony established/controlled by Spain.

9/15/26 Reading notes

US History 1

The Spanish created a system to oppress the natives, called Encomienda System.

· Spanish authorities granted colonial landlords the service of the Native Americans as forced laborers.

· Spanish protected & converted the Native workers and paid.

Mestizo: Mixed Spanish & Native American ancestry

1513- Juan Ponce de Leon: Spanish explorer who explored Puerto Rico & became its governor in 1509. In 1513 he landed off the coast

of Florida & claimed the region for Spain.

New Mexico: Spain's northern holding in North America, governed by Pedro de Peralta

Pope: Native American shaman who led the Pueblo in a 1680 revolt against the Spanish in what is now New Mexico, driving out the Spanish and returning Pueblo way of life. The Spanish retook the area upon his death in 1692 but the Pueblo culture remained a part of this region.

1588- English defeat Spanish Navy: started their own colonies