Comprehensive Academic Vocabulary and Usage Study Guide

Administrative, Legal, and Travel Procedures

Bureaucracy (bộ máy quan liêu): A noun; frequently carries a negative connotation.
Bureaucratic (mang tính quan liêu): An adjective describing administrative processes.
Consulate (lãnh sự quán): Frequently used in its plural form; refers to the office of a consul.
Embassy (đại sứ quán): Higher level of diplomatic representation than a consulate.
Hold up visa processing (làm chậm việc xử lý visa): To delay the progress of a visa application; 'hold up' functions as a phrasal verb meaning to delay.
It's worth leaving yourself plenty of time (nên dành nhiều thời gian): An idiomatic expression used specifically when discussing lengthy periodic procedures or bureaucracy.
Miscellaneous (linh tinh, tạp): Referring to various items or expenses; e.g., miscellaneous expenses.
With regards to (liên quan đến): A formal phrase used to introduce a topic.
Concessions (sự nhượng bộ / ưu đãi): A term used in political or economic contexts referring to grants or compromises.
A fare card (thẻ vé): A card used for public transportation systems.
Political disputes (tranh chấp chính trị): Disagreements or conflicts between political entities.
Fraud scandals (bê bối gian lận): Publicized cases of deceptive or illegal financial behavior.
Do carry traveller’s checks! (Nhớ mang séc du lịch!): Note the use of 'Do + verb' for emphasis.
Denominations (mệnh giá): The face value of a piece of currency or bank note.
Commission charges (phí hoa hồng): Banking fees paid for services or transactions.
Handouts (đồ/tiền cứu trợ; tài liệu phát tay): Items given for free, such as relief aid or informative documents, depending on the context.
Time planner (người/công cụ lập kế hoạch thời gian): A person or tool used for scheduling; noted as more common than 'planner of time.'

Biological Adaptations and Vascular Anatomy

Vascular systems (hệ mạch máu): The network of vessels (arteries and veins) in a biological organism.
Vertebral artery (động mạch đốt sống): An anatomical term referring to the artery located in the vertebrae.
Carotid artery (động mạch cảnh): The primary artery providing blood supply to the brain.
Vessel connections (các kết nối mạch máu): The points of intersection or union between blood vessels.
Uninterrupted (không bị gián đoạn): Continuous flow, specifically applied to blood flow (uninterrupted blood flow).
Fatal blockage (tắc nghẽn gây tử vong): A medical condition where a vessel is obstructed, leading to death.
Vessel lining (lớp lót mạch máu): The inner coat or tissue layer of a blood vessel.
Clotting (sự đông máu): The process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel-like state.
Morphological (thuộc về hình thái): Relating to 'morphological adaptations' or structural changes in an organism.
Arterial (thuộc về động mạch): An adjective relating to arteries.
Gyration (sự xoay tròn): Specifically 'head gyration' or the circular movement of the head.
Anatomical ability (đặc điểm/khả năng giải phẫu): Scholarly term for the structural capacity of an organism's body.
Hollow cavities (khoang rỗng): Anatomical spaces or voids within a structure.

Scientific Research and Methodology

Slurry (hỗn hợp lỏng sệt): A semi-liquid mixture used in engineering or environmental contexts.
Inlet (cửa vào/dòng vào): Technical term for an entrance point for fluid or gas.
Outlet (cửa ra/dòng ra): Technical term for an exit point for fluid or gas.
Every passing year (qua mỗi năm trôi qua): A phrase common in written English to describe slow progression through time.
Unravelled (được làm sáng tỏ / được giải mã): Commonly used in research to describe a solved mystery or decoded information.
Investigator (nhà nghiên cứu): A person who explores or examines a subject scientifically.
Dissected (được mổ xẻ): To be cut open for scientific study or examination.
Mimicking (mô phỏng): The act of imitating or replicating a process, such as mimicking blood flow.
Pools of blood (lượng máu tích tụ): An accumulation of blood in one area.
Extreme manipulations (thao tác cực mạnh): Often used with a negative connotation to describe forceful physical handling.
Chiropractic therapy (liệu pháp nắn chỉnh cột sống): A form of treatment involving the manipulation of the spine.
Pattern-detecting (phát hiện mẫu): The ability to identify recurring structures or trends.
Infer (suy luận): To reach a conclusion through evidence and reasoning.
Cross-correlate (tương quan chéo, đối chiếu chéo): To compare data sets to find mutual relationships.
Compile (v) data (biên dịch/tổng hợp dữ liệu): The act of gathering and synthesizing information.

Reasoning, Skepticism, and Human Behavior

Virtually (hầu như): An adverb meaning nearly or for all practical purposes.
Fly in the face of logic (trái ngược hoàn toàn với logic): An idiom describing something that is completely illogical.
Understandable (dễ hiểu): Capable of being understood.
Systematic (có hệ thống): Done or acting according to a fixed plan or system.
Contrast with (trái ngược với): To be strikingly different from something else.
Hint at (ám chỉ): To suggest or suggest something indirectly.
Defy efforts (thách thức nỗ lực): To resist or make attempts difficult.
Cast doubt on (gây nghi ngờ): To make something appear uncertain or questionable.
Fall victim to (trở thành nạn nhân): To be negatively affected by a specific circumstance or person.
Set out to (bắt đầu với mục đích): To begin an endeavor with a specific goal in mind.
Beg to differ (không đồng ý): A polite way to express disagreement.
Hoax (trò lừa bịp, chơi khăm): A humorous or malicious deception.
Hoaxer (scammer): A person who carries out a hoax.
Make sense of (hiểu được): To understand or find meaning in something.
Dissent (sự không đồng ý): Disagreement with a prevailing or official view.
Irrational (unreasonable, phi lý): Not logical or reasonable.
A sense of superiority (cảm giác hơn người): The feeling that one is better than others.

Expressions, Style, and Literature

Trudging (lê bước nặng nhọc): Describing a weary or labored walk.
Unanimous (nhất trí tuyệt đối): Full agreement by everyone involved.
Be devoted to V-ing st (dành cho): To be dedicated to a specific activity.
Under lock and key (được khóa và bảo quản nghiêm ngặt): Kept very securely or secretly.
Esoteric (bí truyền, khó hiểu): Intended for or likely to be understood by only a small number of people with specialized knowledge (e.g., esoteric paradox).
Paradox / Paradoxically (nghịch lý / một cách nghịch lý): A situation or statement that seems self-contradictory.
Accompanied by (đi kèm với): Happening or existing along with something else.
Bizarre (weird): Very strange or unusual.
Flicker (chập chờn, nhấp nháy): To shine or burn unsteadily.
Curtsy (bow / nhún người chào): A traditional gesture of respect made by women.
Pleasure-loving (thích hưởng lạc): Fond of enjoying oneself and seeking pleasure.
Have a treat in store (for someone) (một điều thú vị / một bất ngờ dễ chịu đang chờ đợi): Also expressed as 'be in for a treat.'
Deftly (skillfully, ingeniously / khéo léo): Performing an action with cleverness and skill.
Steer clear of (stay away from / tránh xa): To avoid something or someone.
Agile / Pacey (nhanh nhẹn): Able to move quickly and easily.
Prose (văn phong, văn xuôi): Written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.
Doesn't quite hit the mark (chưa thực sự đạt yêu cầu): Failing to reach a desired standard or goal.
Bolt the door (đóng chặt cửa): To lock a door with a metal bar.
Commence (begin): Formal term for starting an action.
Penniless (không xu dính túi): Having no money at all.
Evade (hide / tránh né): To escape or avoid, especially by guile or trickery.
Eye-rolling (sự ngán ngẩm): A physical expression of annoyance or disbelief.
Courtier (cận thần): A person who attends a royal court.
Set/put in train st (khởi động cái gì đó): To initiate or start a process.
Memoir (hồi ký): A historical account or biography written from personal knowledge.
Quirky (khác lạ, độc đáo): Characterized by peculiar or unexpected habits or traits.

Space Debris and Orbital Mechanics

Space junk / Space debris (rác vũ trụ): Defunct human-made objects in space.
Preemptive strike (cuộc tấn công phủ đầu): A surprise attack launched in order to prevent an enemy from doing the same.
Rocket shards / Rocket pieces (mảnh vỡ tên lửa): Fragments remaining from rocket launches.
Shrapnel (mảnh vỡ sắc nhọn): Fragments of a bomb, shell, or other object thrown out by an explosion.
Human-made objects (vật thể do con người tạo ra): Artificial items created by humans.
Orbit (v) (quay quanh quỹ đạo): To move in a curved path around a star, planet, or moon.
Military and civil (quân sự và dân sự): Relating to the armed forces and ordinary citizens respectively.
Deploy (triển khai): To move into position for action.
Constellation (chòm sao): A group of stars or satellites forming a recognizable pattern.
Steer away (điều hướng tránh khỏi): To direct one's course away from something.
Main job (nhiệm vụ chính): The primary responsibility or mission.
Taxonomy (of space) (hệ thống phân loại): The branch of science concerned with classification.
Runaway (adj) (mất kiểm soát / uncontrolled): Escaping from control or limits.
Point of no return (điểm không thể quay lại được): The stage in a process where one cannot go back to the original state.
Vent (v) (xả): To allow liquid, gas, or steam to escape through an opening.
Pressurized thing (thứ bị nén): An object or container maintained at a pressure higher than the surroundings.
Steward (manager / quản lý): A person who looks after something; an official.
Air-traffic (không lưu): The communication and control of aircraft in flight.
Carefully choreographed routine (quy quy trình được phối hợp chặt chẽ): A sequence of actions planned and coordinated with great precision.
Manoeuvre (n) (manipulation / thao tác): A movement or series of moves requiring skill and care.
Authoritative (có thẩm quyền, chính thức): Able to be trusted as being accurate or true; reliable.
Identifier (mã định danh): A unique name or code used to distinguish a specific entity.

Material Science, Woodworking, and Natural Objects

Fungal (thuộc về nấm / nấm bệnh): Relating to or caused by a fungus.
Fungus / Fungi (nấm): Biological organisms including yeasts and molds.
Panelling of (việc lót của): Decorative or protective layers of wood or other material attached to walls.
Marking (đường rạch, vân): A trace or blemish on a surface.
Grain marking (vân gỗ): The texture and pattern of wood fibers.
Green logs (gỗ tươi): Freshly cut timber that has not yet been dried or seasoned.
Axe and wedge (rìu và nêm): Tools used for splitting wood.
Veneer (tấm dán gỗ): A thin decorative covering of fine wood applied to a coarser wood.
Radial planks (ván gỗ xuyên tâm): Planks of wood cut along the radius of the trunk.
Aged (được ủ): Something (like wood or wine) that has been left to mature over time.
Refinement (tinh chế): The process of clarifying or improving something.
Barrel (thùng gỗ): A cylindrical container used for storage.
Men-of-war (tàu chiến): Historic term for powerful warships.
Impart (cho, truyền, mang đến): To communicate information or give a specific quality to something; e.g., imparting flavor or knowledge.
Wood chips (dăm gỗ): Small pieces of wood.

Social, Philosophy, and General Academic Terminology

In return for (để đổi lấy): As an exchange for something given.
For generations to come (cho các thế hệ mai sau): Into the far future.
Tragedy of commons (bi kịch tài nguyên chung): An economic problem where individuals act in their own self-interest, depleting shared resources.
Radically (completely): In a thorough or fundamental way.
Epoch (thời kỳ lịch sử): A particular period of time in history or a person's life.
Albeit (mặc dù + adj): Although.
Cordoned off (phong tỏa): Prevented from being accessed by a physical barrier.
Intimidate / Intimidating (đe dọa / đáng sợ): To frighten or overawe someone.
Deeply moved (vô cùng xúc động): Affected with strong emotion.
Convey the impression that (gợi cho cảm giác rằng): To act in a way that suggests a certain quality or feeling.
Shadowy (mờ mịt, xa xăm): Dark and poorly defined; mysterious.
A preliminary to (một bước chuẩn bị cho): An action or event preceding or preparing for something fuller or more important.
Rigid (cứng ngắc): Unable to bend; forced into a strict pattern.
Privileged (vinh dự / honored): Having special rights or a high status.
Tentative / Tentatively (dự kiến / tạm thời): Not certain or fixed; provisional.
Verdict (kết luận): A decision on a disputed issue.
Be open to question / An open question (đáng nghi / chưa thể khẳng định được): A matter that is not yet decided or where the truth is uncertain.
Prestigious (danh giá): Inspiring respect and admiration; having high status.
Disregard (v) (bỏ qua): To pay no attention to; ignore.
Cut and dry (rõ ràng, dứt khoát): Something that is settled or obvious.
Codify (hệ thống hóa): To arrange laws or rules into a systematic code.
Short-sighted (thiển cận): Lacking imagination or foresight.
Engender (gây ra): To cause or give rise to a feeling, situation, or condition.
Be guilty of (mắc phải lỗi): To have committed an offense or flaw.
Stick-in-the-mud (bảo thủ): A person who is dull and unadventurous and resists change.
Distortion (sự biến dạng, sai lệch): The state of being twisted out of shape.
Absurd (vô lý, điều phi lý): Wildly unreasonable or illogical.
Time-honored (lâu đời, old-age): Respected because it has existed for a long time.
Have no thought(s) of + V-ing (không hề có ý định làm gì): To not consider doing something.
Back down (nhượng bộ): To withdraw a claim or assertion in the face of opposition.
Stand one's ground (giữ vững lập trường): To refuse to yield or change one's opinion.
On the premise (trên tiền đề): Based on a previous statement or proposition.
Here to stay (lâu dài, tồn tại lâu dài): Likely to continue for a long time.
Ubiquitous (popular / phổ biến): Present, appearing, or found everywhere.
Whirlwind (chóng vánh, nhanh): Very quick and energetic.
Entrenched (cố hữu, ăn sâu): An attitude or habit that is firmly established and difficult to change.
Foible (điểm yếu, chỗ yếu): A minor weakness or eccentricity in someone's character.
Core (bản chất cốt lõi): The central or most important part of something.
Mock the incompetence (chế giễu sự thiếu năng lực): To make fun of someone's lack of skill.
Transition from … into … (chuyển đổi từ… sang…): The process of changing from one state to another.
Recognisably (có thể nhận ra, rõ ràng): In a way that is easy to identify.
Decline of formality (sự suy giảm tính hình thức): The reduction of strict social rules and protocols.
Get pride of place (giữ vị trí quan trọng): To be assigned the most prominent position.
Fail to catch on (không được đón nhận): To not become popular or understood.
Family dynamic (mối quan hệ trong gia đình): The interaction between family members.
Makeover (thay đổi diện mạo): A complete transformation of the appearance of someone or something.
Irrevocably / Irreversibly (không thể đảo ngược): In a way that cannot be changed or recovered.
Illuminated by (được làm sáng tỏ bởi): Lit up or clarified by something.
Call up the web or file (truy xuất dữ liệu web hoặc tệp): To access electronic data.
Recounted (được kể lại): To give an account of an event or experience.
Do washing up (làm việc dọn dẹp): The act of cleaning dishes after a meal.
Decentralisation (sự phân quyền): The transfer of control of an activity or organization to several local offices.
Explicit (rõ ràng): Stated clearly and in detail.
Receptive (dễ tiếp thu): Willing to consider or accept new suggestions and ideas.
Disclose (reveal / hé lộ): To make secret or new information known.
Acute (cấp tính): Having or experiencing something to a severe or intense degree.