Psychological Disorders Ch. 14
Psychological Disorders
How do we differentiate abnormal from normal behavior?
Abnormal- requires mental health intervention
Early Explanations of Mental Illness
Trepanning- holes drilled in head to release evil spirits; ancient times
Hippocrates- mental illness due to imbalance in body’s humors; ancient greek physician
Middle ages- mentally ill possessed by witches; treatment was torture
Definitions of Abnormality
Psychopathology- study of abnormal behavior
Psychological disorder- any kind of behavioral pattern that:
Causes significant stress
Causes harm to others
Harms their ability to function in daily life
Criteria for Abnormality:
Statistically rare
Deviant from social norms
Subjective discomfort- emotional distress or emotional pain
Maladaptive- causes dysfunction or impairment in major life areas
Causes of Psychopathology
Biological model- chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body
Psychoanalytic- unconscious conflicts; attachment problems
Behaviorists- principles of learning
Cognitive theorists- irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought
14.2 model
About 26.2% of American adults over the age of 18 have a mental disorder in any given year
61.5 million people in the U.S.
14.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders
ICD: International Classification of Diseases
DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (describes about 250 different psychological disorders)
Now DSM-5-TR
Useful in providing clinicians with descriptions and criteria for diagnosing mental disorders and insurance billing through each disorder’s number
1 in 5 American adults in a given year
Only about 4.5% suffer from a severe mental disorder (psychotic)
More than one disorder at a time is common (comorbid)
Diagnostic labels:
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Provides a common language to professionals | Overly prejudicial |
Establish distinct categories of diagnosis for treatment and understanding | Bias |
Can be timesaving and lifesaving tools | “Psychology student’s disorder” |
Anxiety disorders- excessive or unrealistic apprehension and fearfulness
Free-floating anxiety- unrelated to any realistic, known source
Phobia- irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity
Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)- fear of negative evaluation in social situations
Specific phobias- fear of particular objects, situations, or events
Agoraphobia- fear of place/situation from which escape is difficult or impossible
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Chronic apprehension or worry
Chronic muscle tension and soreness
Difficulty sleeping
Irritability
Difficulty concentrating
Minimum duration 6 months
Other Disorders Related to Anxiety 14.5
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
-Now falls in the category of “Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders”
With DSM-5, this disorder is no longer classifies as an anxiety disorder
Obsessive, reoccurring thought create anxiety
Compulsive, ritualistic behavior or mental acts reduce that anxiety
Acute Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
PTSD
-Symptoms include persistent ASD lasting longer than a month or can emerge as late as six months after trauma
Neither are no longer classified as anxiety disorders
Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders 14.6
Somatic Symptom Disorders
Somatic Symptom Disorders- take the form of bodily symptoms with no real physical disorders
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Types
Illness anxiety disorder- preoccupied with bodily sensations (formerly known as hypochondriac disorder)
-Worries constantly about severe illness
-Consults physicians repeatedly
Somatic symptom disorder- dramatic complaints of specific symptoms (no real physical cause)
Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)- specific symptom in the somatic nervous system’s functioning (ex. paralysis, numbness (glove anesthesia), or blindness)
-No physical cause
Causes of Somatic Symptom Disorders
Psychoanalytic- anxiety converted into a physical symptom
Behavioral- negative reinforcement when the “ill” person escapes unpleasant situations (ex. work, combat)
Cognitive- people magnify physical symptoms out of irrational fear
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Disorders- disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination
Dissociative amnesia- loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete (traumatic experiences, not caused by physical trauma) memory can come back
Dissociative fugue- traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia for the trip and for personal information (traumatic experiences, not caused by physical trauma) memory can come back
Dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as multiple identity disorder)- person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body (no awareness of disorder, loss of some memory, has alters)
Development of Dissociative Disorders
Psychoanalytic- dissociation as a repression of traumatic memories; defense mechanism against anxiety (often cause is torture, develops in adulthood as self-protection) Treatment: psychotherapy
Cognitive-behavioral- type of avoidance learning through negative reinforcement (treatment: years of psychotherapy for personality unification)
Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders 14.9
Affect: An emotional reaction (emotions of the moment)
Disorders of mood: Disturbances in emotion ranging from mild to moderate, or can be extreme (mood has to last at least two weeks unless hospitalized)
Extreme sadness Mild sadness Normal emotions Mild elation Extreme Elation
Mood Disorders
Major depression- severe sad mood, comes on suddenly, seems to have no external cause
Manic episode- excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability
Bipolar disorder- alternates between major depressive episodes and manic episodes; severe mood swings or mood cycling
Bipolar 1 Disorder: mood spans from normal to manic, without episodes of depression (most severe)
Bipolar 2 Disorder: normal mood with episodes of major depression and episodes of hypomania (greater rate of psychosis)
Bipolar Disorder and ADHD
Possible connection
Hyperactivity can be present in both disorders
Causes of Mood Disorders
Psychoanalytic- depression as anger turned inward; mania as defense against depression
Learning- depression as learned helplessness
Cognitive- depression caused by pessimistic, irrational thinking
Biological- imbalances in serotonin, norepinephrine (similar to dopamine; neurotransmitter), and dopamine brain systems
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia- fragmented and delusional (disordered) thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations
Psychotic- impaired reality testing (auditory is common)
Positive symptoms- behavioral excesses or additions to normal behavior (hallucinations, delusions)
Delusions- false beliefs that defy reality
Persecution- person convinced others are attempting to harm them
Grandeur- person convinced they are all powerful or important
Hallucinations- false sensory perceptions that do not exist
Auditory
Visual- seeing things or people
Negative symptoms- behavioral deficits or absences of normal behavior
Poor attention
A
Poverty of speech
Causes of Schizophrenia
Positive symptoms
Genetics
Brain structural defects
Biological roots
Stress-vulnerability model
Personality disorders- persistent, rigid, maladaptive patterns of behavior that cause dysfunction
Odd & Eccentric: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal
Dramatic, Emotional, & Erratic: antisocial personality, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
Anxiety or Fearfulness: avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
Psychological Disorders
How do we differentiate abnormal from normal behavior?
Abnormal- requires mental health intervention
Early Explanations of Mental Illness
Trepanning- holes drilled in head to release evil spirits; ancient times
Hippocrates- mental illness due to imbalance in body’s humors; ancient greek physician
Middle ages- mentally ill possessed by witches; treatment was torture
Definitions of Abnormality
Psychopathology- study of abnormal behavior
Psychological disorder- any kind of behavioral pattern that:
Causes significant stress
Causes harm to others
Harms their ability to function in daily life
Criteria for Abnormality:
Statistically rare
Deviant from social norms
Subjective discomfort- emotional distress or emotional pain
Maladaptive- causes dysfunction or impairment in major life areas
Causes of Psychopathology
Biological model- chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body
Psychoanalytic- unconscious conflicts; attachment problems
Behaviorists- principles of learning
Cognitive theorists- irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought
14.2 model
About 26.2% of American adults over the age of 18 have a mental disorder in any given year
61.5 million people in the U.S.
14.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders
ICD: International Classification of Diseases
DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (describes about 250 different psychological disorders)
Now DSM-5-TR
Useful in providing clinicians with descriptions and criteria for diagnosing mental disorders and insurance billing through each disorder’s number
1 in 5 American adults in a given year
Only about 4.5% suffer from a severe mental disorder (psychotic)
More than one disorder at a time is common (comorbid)
Diagnostic labels:
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Provides a common language to professionals | Overly prejudicial |
Establish distinct categories of diagnosis for treatment and understanding | Bias |
Can be timesaving and lifesaving tools | “Psychology student’s disorder” |
Anxiety disorders- excessive or unrealistic apprehension and fearfulness
Free-floating anxiety- unrelated to any realistic, known source
Phobia- irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity
Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)- fear of negative evaluation in social situations
Specific phobias- fear of particular objects, situations, or events
Agoraphobia- fear of place/situation from which escape is difficult or impossible
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Chronic apprehension or worry
Chronic muscle tension and soreness
Difficulty sleeping
Irritability
Difficulty concentrating
Minimum duration 6 months
Other Disorders Related to Anxiety 14.5
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
-Now falls in the category of “Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders”
With DSM-5, this disorder is no longer classifies as an anxiety disorder
Obsessive, reoccurring thought create anxiety
Compulsive, ritualistic behavior or mental acts reduce that anxiety
Acute Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
PTSD
-Symptoms include persistent ASD lasting longer than a month or can emerge as late as six months after trauma
Neither are no longer classified as anxiety disorders
Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders 14.6
Somatic Symptom Disorders
Somatic Symptom Disorders- take the form of bodily symptoms with no real physical disorders
Somatic Symptom Disorders: Types
Illness anxiety disorder- preoccupied with bodily sensations (formerly known as hypochondriac disorder)
-Worries constantly about severe illness
-Consults physicians repeatedly
Somatic symptom disorder- dramatic complaints of specific symptoms (no real physical cause)
Conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)- specific symptom in the somatic nervous system’s functioning (ex. paralysis, numbness (glove anesthesia), or blindness)
-No physical cause
Causes of Somatic Symptom Disorders
Psychoanalytic- anxiety converted into a physical symptom
Behavioral- negative reinforcement when the “ill” person escapes unpleasant situations (ex. work, combat)
Cognitive- people magnify physical symptoms out of irrational fear
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Disorders- disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination
Dissociative amnesia- loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete (traumatic experiences, not caused by physical trauma) memory can come back
Dissociative fugue- traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia for the trip and for personal information (traumatic experiences, not caused by physical trauma) memory can come back
Dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as multiple identity disorder)- person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body (no awareness of disorder, loss of some memory, has alters)
Development of Dissociative Disorders
Psychoanalytic- dissociation as a repression of traumatic memories; defense mechanism against anxiety (often cause is torture, develops in adulthood as self-protection) Treatment: psychotherapy
Cognitive-behavioral- type of avoidance learning through negative reinforcement (treatment: years of psychotherapy for personality unification)
Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders 14.9
Affect: An emotional reaction (emotions of the moment)
Disorders of mood: Disturbances in emotion ranging from mild to moderate, or can be extreme (mood has to last at least two weeks unless hospitalized)
Extreme sadness Mild sadness Normal emotions Mild elation Extreme Elation
Mood Disorders
Major depression- severe sad mood, comes on suddenly, seems to have no external cause
Manic episode- excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability
Bipolar disorder- alternates between major depressive episodes and manic episodes; severe mood swings or mood cycling
Bipolar 1 Disorder: mood spans from normal to manic, without episodes of depression (most severe)
Bipolar 2 Disorder: normal mood with episodes of major depression and episodes of hypomania (greater rate of psychosis)
Bipolar Disorder and ADHD
Possible connection
Hyperactivity can be present in both disorders
Causes of Mood Disorders
Psychoanalytic- depression as anger turned inward; mania as defense against depression
Learning- depression as learned helplessness
Cognitive- depression caused by pessimistic, irrational thinking
Biological- imbalances in serotonin, norepinephrine (similar to dopamine; neurotransmitter), and dopamine brain systems
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia- fragmented and delusional (disordered) thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations
Psychotic- impaired reality testing (auditory is common)
Positive symptoms- behavioral excesses or additions to normal behavior (hallucinations, delusions)
Delusions- false beliefs that defy reality
Persecution- person convinced others are attempting to harm them
Grandeur- person convinced they are all powerful or important
Hallucinations- false sensory perceptions that do not exist
Auditory
Visual- seeing things or people
Negative symptoms- behavioral deficits or absences of normal behavior
Poor attention
A
Poverty of speech
Causes of Schizophrenia
Positive symptoms
Genetics
Brain structural defects
Biological roots
Stress-vulnerability model
Personality disorders- persistent, rigid, maladaptive patterns of behavior that cause dysfunction
Odd & Eccentric: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal
Dramatic, Emotional, & Erratic: antisocial personality, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
Anxiety or Fearfulness: avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive