20230117 Notes.docx

North America Before European Contact - HIST 1050

  • Native Americans moved due to living conditions (nomadic)
  • Northeast
    • Iroquois Confederacy* (Hudson River)
    • Mowhawk, Oneida, Onodaga, Cayuga, and Seneca
    • Tuscarora joined later in 1722
    • Powhatan, Narragansett, Wampanoag, Mohegan, and Pequot
  • Great Lakes*
    • Anishinaabe (Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi) – Algonquin speaking peoples
  • Great Plains
    • Horses changed the peoples in the Plains through Europeans, long before actual contact due to Spanish individuals leaving their horses.
    • Indigenous
    • Sioux, Comanche, and Crow
    • Hidatsa, Mandan, and Caddo
    • Many people lived in different areas, varied because they were nomadic
  • Great Basin
    • North: Bannock, Northern Paiute
    • Central Basin: Shoshone, Ute
    • South: Southern Paiute
    • Created large irrigation systems and even small-scale farms until climate had changed, forcing relocation.
  • Southwest
    • Pueblo, Acoma, Zuni, Tewa, and Hopi
  • Pacific Coast
    • Modoc, Achumawi, Nogatl, Pomo, and Serrano
  • Spanish Mission System
    • Forced relocation and impacts from early west conquest.
  • Pacific Northwest
    • Chinook, Coastal Salish, Haida, and Tlingit
    • Seafaring and fishing culture, made trades both locally and through wide networks of trade and even traded prisoners.
  • Western Europe
    • Subsistence level farming ruled by over small kingdoms and republics
  • Kingdoms, Duchies, and Republics
  • Black Plague
    • Killed 1/3 population of Europe, so life was uncertain after the epidemic of what would happen next
  • Patriarchal Society
    • Men governed both at home and in the kingdoms
  • Primogeniture
    • Eldest son inherited everything from their father, leaving younger sons to look for their fortune (leading influence to American colonization – the new world prospects)
  • Peasants
    • Not many owned land, if any land at all
  • Italy
    • Brought many goods from the Mediterranean to Europe
  • City-States
    • Lead to the renaissance period and influenced Europe as a whole
  • Christianity
    • By 15th century, Christianity was well established from the crusades (squashing of Jews and Islam and forcing Christian ideology)
  • Martin Luther
    • German monk who went to reform the catholic church, bringing about the Protestant Reformation
  • Reformation
    • Critique of long held catholic beliefs
  • Protestantism
    • Protestant Reformation split off entirely from the Catholic Church and made a new sub-religion of Christianity
  • Ninety-five Theses
    • Posted on the church, and even translated the bible from Latin for the populous
    • Nailed to a door in Weinberg, Germany
  • John Calvin
    • French Theologian, established another protestant group focusing on human weakness and predestination along with Gods power
  • Predestination
  • Puritans
  • Counter-Reformation
    • Counter reformation was done inside the Catholic Church (didn’t want to separate from Catholic Church, but wanted to make it better from the inside)
  • East and Northern Africa
    • Trade routes from Asia since before European impact
  • West and Central Africa
    • Relatively isolated due to the harsh environment and culture was not impacted due to little visitation
  • Stratified States
    • African empires existed at this time, basically and had an idea of where these states were
    • Ruled by kings, with domesticated animals and agriculture with trade routes that went through the Sahara
  • Gold
    • Frequently traded through Empires and even the Mediterranean and Europe
  • Polytheism
    • Common in the Africa’s, focused on many God worship
  • Animism
    • Worship the natural world.
  • Both Polytheism and Animism can be practiced at the same time (together)

European Explorers

  • Caravel
    • Type of sailing ship, allows sailor to be on sea for longer period of time
    • Portugal increasingly looked into slave trade
  • Prince Henry of Portugal/Henry the Navigator
    • Landed in Sierra Leon where they traded fish for ivory and gold
  • Bartolomeu Dias
    • Cape of Good Hope with 3 ships, opened a trade route to Asia
  • Christopher Columbus
    • Ferdinand II and Isabella I (Spanish King and Queen – Royalty) gave financial backing from Portugal to sail across the sea
    • Made up of 3 ships (Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria)
    • Tano islands was the first stop
    • Voyage 1: August 1492-March 1493 (Caribbean and even Hispaniola; Santa Maria destroyed and unsalvageable and made a blockade)
    • 3 ships
    • Voyage 2: September 25, 1493 – March 1496 (Back at Hispaniola, the blockade had been destroyed)
    • 17 ships with merchants and even military individuals
    • Killed the indigenous individuals there as revenge
    • Voyage 3: 1498 – October 1500
    • 3 ships (explorer and supplies for Hispaniola (Haiti))
    • Figured it was a unknown country that had been found instead of Asia, but did not want to admit
    • Once he was arrested with his brothers for the terrible planning and executions of the voyages, he persuaded the Spanish royals and sent him to go on another voyage for riches
    • Voyage 4: May 1502 – November 1504 (forbidden from returning to Spain/Hispaniola)
    • 4 ships for the final voyage
    • Explored Jamaica, Honduras, and even Nicaragua and Panama
      • Panama trading post failed because of indigenous population
      • Had to stop in the Bahamas because of terrible ship conditions
  • Vasco da Gama
    • 3 voyages
    • 1st: July 1497 – September 1499
      • Went around Africa from Portugal and through the Cape of Good Hope
      • Found a pilot who could take them to India
      • Despite many losses from disease and many lost ships, they promoted him and sent him back to India. Ending in Calicut
    • Calicut
      • Failed to make a treaty with local government in India
      • Left with 5 Indians back to Portugal so that the Hierarchs can learn more about Hinduism and Indian culture
    • 2nd: February 1502 – February 1503
      • Set up relations with Canmore and was able to setup a treaty
      • Canmore and Calicut hated each other
    • Cannanore
      • Laid siege to Calicut due to the Canmore hating the Calicut, to help with relations
    • 3rd: 1524
    • Goa
  • Amerigo Vespucci (May have been 4, but 2 are confirmed)
    • 1st Voyage: 1499-1500
    • Accidentally discovered the Amazon River and mistook South America for Asia
    • Once back, tried to talk the Spanish, unsuccessfully to an expedition
    • 2nd Voyage: May 1501 – July 1502
    • Expedition approved by the Portuguese
    • Outside of Brazil, may have been all the way to Argentina, but historical records are iffy.
    • Believed he had found a previously unknown continent
    • Amazon River
    • Trinidad
    • Brazil